Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 54, No. 383, pp. 727-738,
February 1, 2003
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Characterization of Pinalate, a novel Citrus sinensis mutant with a fruit-specific alteration that results in yellow pigmentation and decreased ABA content
Received 19 July 2002; Accepted 21 October 2002
Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +34 96 363 63 01. E-mail: lzacarias{at}iata.csic.es
Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography.
The characterization of a novel mutant, named Pinalate, derived from the orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Navelate, which produces distinctive yellow fruits instead of the typical bright orange colouration, is reported. The carotenoid content and composition, and ABA content in leaf and flavedo tissue (coloured part of the skin) of fruits at different developmental and maturation stages were analysed. No important differences in leaf carotenoid pattern of both phenotypes were found. However, an unusual accumulation of linear carotenes (phytoene, phytofluene and 
- carotene) was detected in the flavedo of Pinalate. As fruit maturation progressed, the flavedo of mutant fruit accumulated high amounts of these carotenes and the proportion of cyclic and oxygenated carotenoids was substantially lower than in the parental line. Full-coloured fruit of Pinalate contained about 44% phytoene, 21% phytofluene, 25% -carotene, and 10% of xanthophylls, whereas, in Navelate, 98% of total carotenoids were xanthophylls and apocarotenoids. The ABA content in the flavedo of Pinalate mature fruit was 3–6 times lower than in the corresponding tissue of Navelate, while no differences were found in leaves. Other maturation processes were not affected in Pinalate fruit. Taken together, the results indicate that Pinalate is a fruit-specific alteration defective in -carotene desaturase or in - carotene desaturase-associated factors. Possible mechanisms responsible for the Pinalate phenotype are discussed. Because of the abnormal fruit-specific carotenoid complement and ABA deficiency, Pinalate may constitute an excellent system for the study of carotenogenesis in Citrus and the involvement of ABA in fruit maturation and stress responses.
Key words: ABA, carotenoid, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, colour, fruit maturation, xanthophylls, -carotene desaturase.
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