JXB Advance Access originally published online on November 28, 2003
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Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 394, pp. 11-25, January 1, 2004
© 2004 Oxford University Press
Plant Carbon-Nitrogen Interactions from Rhizospheres to Planet |
Global aspects of C/N interactions determining plant–environment interactions
Received 2 May 2003; Accepted 11 August 2003
1 Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
2 Columbia University Biosphere 2 Center, 32540 S. Biosphere Road, PO Box 689, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA
3 Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
4 School of Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
* Permanent address and to whom correspondence should be sent: Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK. Fax: +44 (0)1382 344275. E-mail: j.a.raven{at}dundee.ac.uk Permanent address: Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
The atomic C:N ratio in photolithotrophs is a function of their content of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and other organic materials, and varies from about 5 in some protein-rich microalgae to much higher values in macroalgae and in higher plants with relatively more structural and energy storage materials. These differences in C:N ratios among organisms means that there is more N assimilation by photosynthetic organisms in the oceans than on land despite the near equality of global photosynthetic C assimilation rates in the two environments. Aquatic organisms obtain inorganic C and inorganic N from the surrounding water. Terrestrial photolithotrophs obtain inorganic C, dinitrogen (by diazotrophy) and some combined N from the atmosphere, with the remaining combined N coming from the soil. The nitrogen cost of growth (biomass production rate per unit plant N) varies with the C:N ratio and specific growth rate of the organism. The C:N ratio of plants can be increased with no, or minimal, decrease in growth rate by switching from N-containing to N-free solutes involved in, for example, UV-B screening or by reducing the content of particular proteins. The water cost of growth (water lost per unit biomass gain) in terrestrial plants is a function of N supply and of C supply; water cost is lower with higher N and C availability. Water supply is also important in determining denitrification rates on land and on N (and C) fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic systems.
Key words: Agriculture, algae, astrochemistry, carbon, chemical defence, compatible solutes, ecology, evolution, free radical scavenging, nitrogen, UV-B screening.