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Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 394, pp. 111-118, January 1, 2004
© 2004 Oxford University Press

Regulation of Growth, Development and Whole Organism Physiology

Abscisic acid in the thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination and enhancement of its catabolism by gibberellin

Received 12 May 2003; Accepted 8 October 2003

Takeru Gonai1, Shusuke Kawahara1, Makoto Tougou1, Shigeru Satoh1, Teruyoshi Hashiba1, Nobuhiro Hirai2, Hiroshi Kawaide3, Yuji Kamiya4 and Toshihito Yoshioka1,*

1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
2 International Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
3 Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
4 Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +81 2271 78834. E-mail: yoshi{at}bios.tohoku.ac.jp
Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; ABA-G, glucose conjugates of ABA; ABA-GE, ABA glucosyl ester; ABA-GS, ABA glucoside; DPA, dihydrophaseic acid; GA, gibberellin; m/z, mass-to-charge ratio; PA, phaseic acid.

Germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. ‘Grand Rapids’) seeds was inhibited at high temperatures (thermoinhibition). Thermoinhibition at 28 °C was prevented by the application of fluridone, an inhibitor of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. At 33 °C, the sensitivity of the seeds to ABA increased, and fluridone on its own was no longer effective. However, a combined application of fluridone and gibberellic acid (GA3) was able to restore the germination. Exogenous GA3 lowered endogenous ABA content in the seeds, enhancing catabolism of ABA and export of the catabolites from the intact seeds. The fluridone application also decreased the ABA content. Consequently, the combined application of fluridone and GA3 decreased the ABA content to a sufficiently low level to allow germination at 33 °C. There was no significant temperature-dependent change in endogenous GA1 contents. It is concluded that ABA is an important factor in the regulation of thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination, and that GA affects the temperature responsiveness of the seeds through ABA metabolism.

Key words: Abscisic acid metabolism, fluridone, gibberellin, high temperature, Lactuca sativa, seed germination.


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