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JXB Advance Access originally published online on July 30, 2004
Journal of Experimental Botany 2004 55(404):1831-1842; doi:10.1093/jxb/erh203
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Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 404, © Society for Experimental Biology 2004; all rights reserved

RESEARCH PAPER

Control of sulphate assimilation and glutathione synthesis: interaction with N and C metabolism

Stanislav Kopriva and Heinz Rennenberg*

Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +49 761 2038302. E-mail: Heinz.Rennenberg{at}ctp.uni-freiburg.de

Sulphate assimilation is an essential pathway being a source of reduced sulphur for various cellular processes and for the synthesis of glutathione, a major factor in plant stress defence. Many reports have shown that sulphate assimilation is well co-ordinated with the assimilation of nitrate and carbon. It has long been known that, during nitrate deficiency, sulphate assimilation is reduced and that the capacity to reduce nitrate is diminished in plants starved for sulphate. Only recently, however, was it shown that adenosine 5' phosphosulphate reductase (APR), the key enzyme of sulphate assimilation, is regulated by carbohydrates. In plants treated with sucrose or glucose APR was induced, whereas the activity was strongly reduced in plants grown in CO2-free air. The availability of cysteine is a crucial factor in glutathione synthesis, but an adequate supply of glutamate and glycine are also important. The molecular mechanisms for the co-ordination of S, N, and C assimilation are not known. O-acetylserine, a precursor of cysteine, was proposed to be the signal regulating sulphate assimilation, but most probably is not the outgoing signal to N and C metabolism. cDNA arrays revealed the induction of genes involved in auxin synthesis upon S-starvation, pointing to a possible role of phytohormones. Clearly, despite significant progress in understanding the regulation of sulphate assimilation and glutathione synthesis, their co-ordination with N and C metabolism achieved, and several potential signal molecules identified, present knowledge is still far from being sufficient.

Key words: Glutathione synthesis, nitrate deficiency, nitrate reduction, sulphate assimilation, regulation


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