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JXB Advance Access originally published online on September 10, 2004
Journal of Experimental Botany 2004 55(406):2131-2145; doi:10.1093/jxb/erh248
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Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 406, © Society for Experimental Biology 2004; all rights reserved

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent developments in understanding the regulation of starch metabolism in higher plants

Ian J. Tetlow1,*, Matthew K. Morell2 and Michael J. Emes1

1Departments of Botany, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra ACT, GPO Box 1600, Australia

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +1 519 767 1991. E-mail: itetlow{at}uoguelph.ca

This article reviews current knowledge of starch metabolism in higher plants, and focuses on the control and regulation of the biosynthetic and degradative pathways. The major elements comprising the synthetic and degradative pathways in plastids are discussed, and show that, despite present knowledge of the core reactions within each pathway, understanding of how these individual reactions are co-ordinated within different plastid types and under different environmental conditions, is far from complete. In particular, recently discovered aspects of the fine control of starch metabolism are discussed, which indicate that a number of key reactions are controlled by post-translational modifications of enzymes, including redox modulation and protein phosphorylation. In some cases, enzymes of the pathway may form protein complexes with specific functional significance. It is suggested that some of the newly discovered aspects of fine control of the biosynthetic pathway may well apply to many other proteins which are directly and indirectly involved in polymer synthesis and degradation.

Key words: ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, amylopectin, amyloplasts, amylose, protein phosphorylation, protein–protein interactions, starch branching enzyme, starch degradation, starch phosphorylase, starch synthase, starch synthesis


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