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JXB Advance Access originally published online on June 23, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany 2006 57(10):2259-2266; doi:10.1093/jxb/erj193
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© 2006 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

RESEARCH PAPER

Cytokinin and auxin inhibit abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure by enhancing ethylene production in Arabidopsis

Yoko Tanaka1 *, Toshio Sano1, Masanori Tamaoki2, Nobuyoshi Nakajima2, Noriaki Kondo3 and Seiichiro Hasezawa1,{dagger}

1Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
2Biodiversity Conservation Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
3Division of Biosciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan

{dagger}To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hasezawa{at}k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Cytokinins and auxins are major phytohormones involved in various aspects of plant growth and development. These phytohormones are also known to antagonize the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on stomatal movement, and to affect ethylene biosynthesis. As ethylene has an antagonistic effect on ABA-induced stomatal closure, the possibility that the antagonistic effects of these phytohormones on ABA were mediated through ethylene biosynthesis was investigated. Both the cytokinin, 6-benzyladenine (BA), and the auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), antagonized ABA-induced stomatal closure in a manner similar to that following application of the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). However, these effects were negated when ethylene signalling, perception, or biosynthesis were blocked. As stomatal aperture is regulated by changes in guard cell volume, ABA application was found to reduce the volume of the guard cell protoplasts (GCP). It was found that BA, NAA, or ACC application compensated perfectly for the reduction in GCP volume by ABA application in WT plants. The above observations suggest that cytokinins and auxins inhibit ABA-induced stomatal closure through the modulation of ethylene biosynthesis, and that ethylene inhibits the ABA-induced reduction of osmotic pressure in the guard cells.

Key words: Abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, guard cell, stomatal closure


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