JXB Advance Access originally published online on April 12, 2007
Journal of Experimental Botany 2007 58(7):1627-1635; doi:10.1093/jxb/erm003
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© 2007 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)
RESEARCH PAPER |
High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Plant Environment Laboratory, University of Reading, Cutbush Lane, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AF, UK
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: p.q.craufurd{at}reading.ac.uk
In future climates, greater heat tolerance at anthesis will be required in rice. The effect of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility was studied on IR64 (lowland indica) and Azucena (upland japonica) at 29.6 °C (control), 33.7 °C, and 36.2 °C tissue temperatures. The objectives of the study were to: (i) determine the effect of temperature on flowering pattern; (ii) examine the effect of time of day of spikelet anthesis relative to a high temperature episode on spikelet fertility; and (iii) study the interactions between duration of exposure and temperature on spikelet fertility. Plants were grown at 30/24 °C day/night temperature in a greenhouse and transferred to growth cabinets for the temperature treatments. Individual spikelets were marked with paint to relate fertility to the time of exposure to different temperatures and durations. In both genotypes the pattern of flowering was similar, and peak anthesis occurred between 10.30 h and 11.30 h at 29.2 °C, and about 45 min earlier at 36.2 °C. In IR64, high temperature increased the number of spikelets reaching anthesis, whereas in Azucena numbers were reduced. In both genotypes 
1 h exposure to 
33.7 °C at anthesis caused sterility. In IR64, there was no interaction between temperature and duration of exposure, and spikelet fertility was reduced by about 7% per °C > 29.6 °C. In Azucena there was a significant interaction and spikelet fertility was reduced by 2.4% °Cd–1 above a threshold of 33 °C. Marking individual spikelets is an effective method to phenotype genotypes and lines for heat tolerance that removes any apparent tolerance due to temporal escape.
Key words: Anthesis, heat tolerance, seed-set, spikelet fertility, rice, temperature
Received 11 September 2006; Revised 19 December 2006 Accepted 4 January 2007
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