JXB Advance Access originally published online on March 20, 2007
Journal of Experimental Botany 2007 58(7):1705-1716; doi:10.1093/jxb/erm021
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© 2007 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)
RESEARCH PAPER |
Nitrate signalling to stomata and growing leaves: interactions with soil drying, ABA, and xylem sap pH in maize
The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sally.wilkinson{at}lancaster.ac.uk
Increasing the nitrate (N) concentration in the rooting substrate above deficiency decreased stomatal conductance and leaf growth rate compared with sufficient N in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) growing in drying substrate. Novel effects were detected when N in the non-deficient range was supplied directly to the xylem of detached shoots: concentrations above 2.0 mol m–3 KNO3 reduced transpiration, and concentrations above 12 mol m–3 KNO3 reduced leaf growth rate. Evidence is provided that the novel effects of N on transpiration and growth were mediated by pH-based ABA redistribution. ABA at 0.05 mol m–3, whilst ineffective alone, sensitized leaf growth to increases in KNO3 concentration (from 3.0 mol m–3), and the capacity of higher concentrations of ABA to reduce growth was enhanced by KNO3. Transpiration was sensitively reduced by KNO3, ABA, or buffers adjusted to pH 6.7–7.0 (compared with buffers adjusted to pH 5.0) alone. Nevertheless, a synergistic effect of KNO3 and either ABA or buffers adjusted to pH 6.7–7.0 was observed. Buffers of pH 5.6 supplied to detached shoots alleviated the depression of transpiration caused by 12 mol m–3 KNO3. Buffers adjusted to pH 6.7 increased the sensitivity of growth to KNO3. Xylem sap extracted from intact seedlings growing in drying soil exhibited an initial increase in N concentration, followed by a decrease at progressively lower soil water potentials. The importance for novel N signalling above deficiency is discussed with reference to the generality of fluctuations in soil and xylem N concentration within this range.
Key words: Abscisic acid (ABA), apoplast, leaf growth, nitrate, pH, root, soil drying, stomatal guard cells, transpiration, xylem
Received 10 November 2006; Revised 22 January 2006 Accepted 22 January 2007
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