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JXB Advance Access originally published online on May 22, 2007
Journal of Experimental Botany 2007 58(9):2297-2306; doi:10.1093/jxb/erm066
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© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

RESEARCH PAPER

Nitrate transport and signalling

Anthony J. Miller1,*, Xiaorong Fan1,2, Mathilde Orsel3, Susan J. Smith1 and Darren M. Wells1

1Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
2College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
3Ameloriation des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, UMR 118, INRA-Agrocampus Rennes, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tony.miller{at}bbsrc.ac.uk

Physiological measurements of nitrate (NOFormula) uptake by roots have defined two systems of high and low affinity uptake. In Arabidopsis, genes encoding both of these two uptake systems have been identified. Most is known about the high affinity transport system (HATS) and its regulation and yet measurements of soil NOFormula show that it is more often available in the low affinity range above 1 mM concentration. Several different regulatory mechanisms have been identified for AtNRT2.1, one of the membrane transporters encoding HATS; these include feedback regulation of expression, a second component protein requirement for membrane targeting and phosphorylation, possibly leading to degradation of the protein. These various changes in the protein may be important for a second function in sensing NOFormula availability at the surface of the root. Another transporter protein, AtNRT1.1 also has a role in NOFormula sensing that, like AtNRT2.1, is independent of their transport function. From the range of concentrations present in the soil it is proposed that the NOFormula-inducible part of HATS functions chiefly as a sensor for root NOFormula availability. Two other key NOFormula transport steps for efficient nitrogen use by crops, efflux across membranes and vacuolar storage and remobilization, are discussed. Genes encoding vacuolar transporters have been isolated and these are important for manipulating storage pools in crops, but the efflux system is yet to be identified. Consideration is given to how well our molecular and physiological knowledge can be integrated as well to some key questions and opportunities for the future.

Key words: High affinity uptake, nitrate signalling, nitrate transporters, nitrate uptake

Received 19 December 2005; Revised 2 March 2007 Accepted 6 March 2007


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