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JXB Advance Access originally published online on November 1, 2007
Journal of Experimental Botany 2008 59(1):25-35; doi:10.1093/jxb/erm218
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© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions{at}oxfordjournals.org

SPECIAL ISSUE REVIEW PAPER

Nitric oxide evolution and perception

Steven Neill1,*, Jo Bright1, Radhika Desikan2, John Hancock1, Judith Harrison1 and Ian Wilson1

1Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Bristol BS16 1Q, UK
2Division of Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Steven.Neill{at}uwe.ac.uk

Various experimental data indicate signalling roles for nitric oxide (NO) in processes such as xylogenesis, programmed cell death, pathogen defence, flowering, stomatal closure, and gravitropism. However, it still remains unclear how NO is synthesized. Nitric oxide synthase-like activity has been measured in various plant extracts, NO can be generated from nitrite via nitrate reductase and other mechanisms of NO generation are also likely to exist. NO removal mechanisms, for example, by reaction with haemoglobins, have also been identified. NO is a gas emitted by plants, with the rate of evolution increasing under conditions such as pathogen challenge or hypoxia. However, exactly how NO evolution relates to its bioactivity in planta remains to be established. NO has both aqueous and lipid solubility, but is relatively reactive and easily oxidized to other nitrogen oxides. It reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, with other cellular components such as transition metals and haem-containing proteins and with thiol groups to form S-nitrosothiols. Thus, diffusion of NO within the plant may be relatively restricted and there might exist ‘NO hot-spots’ depending on the sites of NO generation and the local biochemical micro-environment. Alternatively, it is possible that NO is transported as chemical precursors such as nitrite or as nitrosothiols that might function as NO reservoirs. Cellular perception of NO may occur through its reaction with biologically active molecules that could function as ‘NO-sensors’. These might include either haem-containing proteins such as guanylyl cyclase which generates the second messenger cGMP or other proteins containing exposed reactive thiol groups. Protein S-nitrosylation alters protein conformation, is reversible and thus, is likely to be of biological significance.

Key words: Arginine, cyclic GMP, GSNO, haem, nitric oxide, nitrite, perception, peroxynitrite, S-nitrosylation, S-nitrosothiol, superoxide, transport, tyrosine nitration

Received 14 June 2007; Revised 24 July 2007 Accepted 1 August 2007


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