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JXB Advance Access originally published online on June 11, 2008
Journal of Experimental Botany 2008 59(10):2707-2715; doi:10.1093/jxb/ern131
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© 2008 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of photo and thermo cycles on flowering time in barley: a genetical phenomics approach

I. Karsai1,*, P. Szucs1,2, B. Koszegi1, P.M. Hayes2, A. Casas3, Z. Bedo1 and O. Veisz1

1Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
2Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
3Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: karsai{at}mail.mgki.hu

The effects of synchronous photo (16 h daylength) and thermo (2 °C daily fluctuation) cycles on flowering time were compared with constant light and temperature treatments using two barley mapping populations derived from the facultative cultivar ‘Dicktoo’. The ‘Dicktoo’x‘Morex’ (spring) population (DM) segregates for functional differences in alleles of candidate genes for VRN-H1, VRN-H3, PPD-H1, and PPD-H2. The first two loci are associated with the vernalization response and the latter two with photoperiod sensitivity. The ‘Dicktoo’x‘Kompolti korai’ (winter) population (DK) has a known functional polymorphism only at VRN-H2, a locus associated with vernalization sensitivity. Flowering time in both populations was accelerated when there was no fluctuating factor in the environment and was delayed to the greatest extent with the application of synchronous photo and thermo cycles. Alleles at VRN-H1, VRN-H2, PPD-H1, and PPD-H2—and their interactions—were found to be significant determinants of the increase/decrease in days to flower. Under synchronous photo and thermo cycles, plants with the Dicktoo (recessive) VRN-H1 allele flowered significantly later than those with the Kompolti korai (recessive) or Morex (dominant) VRN-H1 alleles. The Dicktoo VRN-H1 allele, together with the late-flowering allele at PPD-H1 and PPD-H2, led to the greatest delay. The application of synchronous photo and thermo cycles changed the epistatic interaction between VRN-H2 and VRN-H1: plants with Dicktoo type VRN-H1 flowered late, regardless of the allele phase at VRN-H2. Our results are novel in demonstrating the large effects of minor variations in environmental signals on flowering time: for example, a 2 °C thermo cycle caused a delay in flowering time of 70 d as compared to a constant temperature.

Key words: BM5A, Hordeum vulgare, HvFT1, HvFT3, HvPRR7, ZCCT-H

Received 18 December 2007; Revised 20 March 2008 Accepted 8 April 2008


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Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2008
J. Exp. Bot., June 23, 2009; (2009) erp154v1.
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