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JXB Advance Access originally published online on August 3, 2009
Journal of Experimental Botany 2009 60(13):3835-3848; doi:10.1093/jxb/erp231
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© 2009 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

RESEARCH PAPER

A rapid transcriptional activation is induced by the dormancy-breaking chemical hydrogen cyanamide in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) buds

Eric F. Walton1,*, Rong-Mei Wu1, Annette C. Richardson2, Marcus Davy1, Roger P. Hellens1, Kate Thodey1, Bart J. Janssen1, Andrew P. Gleave1, Georgina M. Rae1, Marion Wood1 and Robert J. Schaffer1

1The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
2The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Kerikeri, PO Box 23, Kerikeri 0245, New Zealand

* Present address and to whom correspondence should be sent: University of Otago, PO Box 5543, Auckland 1141, New Zealand. E-mail: eric.walton{at}otago.ac.nz.

Budbreak in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) can be poor in locations that have warm winters with insufficient winter chilling. Kiwifruit vines are often treated with the dormancy-breaking chemical hydrogen cyanamide (HC) to increase and synchronize budbreak. This treatment also offers a tool to understand the processes involved in budbreak. A genomics approach is presented here to increase our understanding of budbreak in kiwifruit. Most genes identified following HC application appear to be associated with responses to stress, but a number of genes appear to be associated with the reactivation of growth. Three patterns of gene expression were identified: Profile 1, an HC-induced transient activation; Profile 2, an HC-induced transient activation followed by a growth-related activation; and Profile 3, HC- and growth-repressed. One group of genes that was rapidly up-regulated in response to HC was the glutathione S-transferase (GST) class of genes, which have been associated with stress and signalling. Previous budbreak studies, in three other species, also report up-regulated GST expression. Phylogenetic analysis of these GSTs showed that they clustered into two sub-clades, suggesting a strong correlation between their expression and budbreak across species.

Key words: Actinidia deliciosa, budbreak, bud dormancy, hydrogen cyanamide, glutathione S-transferase, kiwifruit, microarray

Received 30 April 2009; Revised 19 June 2009 Accepted 22 June 2009


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