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JXB Advance Access originally published online on February 9, 2009
Journal of Experimental Botany 2009 60(4):1133-1140; doi:10.1093/jxb/ern353
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

REVIEW-ARTICLE

Towards understanding the virulence functions of RXLR effectors of the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Paul R. J. Birch1,2,*, Miles Armstrong2, Jorunn Bos3, Petra Boevink2, Eleanor M. Gilroy2, Rosalind M. Taylor2,4, Stephan Wawra5, Leighton Pritchard2, Lucio Conti4, Richard Ewan4, Stephen C. Whisson2, Pieter van West5, Ari Sadanandom4 and Sophien Kamoun3

1Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
2Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
3The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
4Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
5Aberdeen Oomycete Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed: pbirch{at}scri.ac.uk

Plant pathogens establish infection by secretion of effector proteins that may be delivered inside host cells to manipulate innate immunity. It is increasingly apparent that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) contributes significantly to the regulation of plant defences and, as such, is a target for pathogen effectors. Bacterial effectors delivered by the type III and IV secretion systems have been shown to interact with components of the host UPS. Some of these effectors possess functional domains that are conserved in UPS enzymes, whilst others contain novel domains with ubiquitination activities. Relatively little is known about effector activities in eukaryotic microbial plant pathogens. Nevertheless, effectors from oomycetes that contain an RXLR motif for translocation to the inside of plant cells have been shown to suppress host defences. Annotation of the genome of one such oomycete, the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, and protein–protein interaction assays to discover host proteins targeted by the RXLR effector AVR3a, have revealed that this eukaryotic plant pathogen also has the potential to manipulate host plant UPS functions.

Received 2 November 2008; Revised 25 November 2008 Accepted 28 November 2008


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