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JXB Advance Access published online on November 17, 2008
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/ern267
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© The Author [2008]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

RESEARCH PAPER

An early Ca2+ influx is a prerequisite to thaxtomin A-induced cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana cells

R. Errakhi1,2 *, A. Dauphin1 *, P. Meimoun1, A. Lehner1 {dagger}, D. Reboutier1, P. Vatsa3, J. Briand1, K. Madiona1, J. P. Rona1, M. Barakate2, D. Wendehenne3, C. Beaulieu4 and F. Bouteau1,{ddagger}

1LEM (EA 3514), Université Paris Diderot-Paris7, 2, place Jussieu, F-75251 Paris cedex 05, France
2Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences-Semlalia, BP 2390, 40001 Marrakech, Maroc
3UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, Dijon, France
4GRBA, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada JIK 2RI

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: francois.bouteau{at}univ-paris-diderot.fr

The pathogenicity of various Streptomyces scabies isolates involved in potato scab disease was correlated with the production of thaxtomin A. Since calcium is known as an essential second messenger associated with pathogen-induced plant responses and cell death, it was investigated whether thaxtomin A could induce a Ca2+ influx related to cell death and to other putative plant responses using Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells, which is a convenient model to study plant–microbe interactions. A. thaliana cells were treated with micromolar concentrations of thaxtomin A. Cell death was quantified and ion flux variations were analysed from electrophysiological measurements with the apoaequorin Ca2+ reporter protein and by external pH measurement. Involvement of anion and calcium channels in signal transduction leading to programmed cell death was determined by using specific inhibitors. These data suggest that this toxin induces a rapid Ca2+ influx and cell death in A. thaliana cell suspensions. Moreover, these data provide strong evidence that the Ca2+ influx induced by thaxtomin A is necessary to achieve this cell death and is a prerequisite to early thaxtomin A-induced responses: anion current increase, alkalization of the external medium, and the expression of PAL1 coding for a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway.

Key words: Calcium, cell death, ion channel, plant pathogen, Streptomyces, thaxtomin A

* Both authors contributed equally to this work.

{dagger} Present address: Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Transport chez les Végétaux, FRE CNRS 3090, IFRMP23, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France.

Received 10 September 2008; Revised 3 October 2008 Accepted 6 October 2008


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