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JXB Advance Access originally published online on April 10, 2009
Journal of Experimental Botany 2009 60(7):1893-1895; doi:10.1093/jxb/erp088
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Plant Culture

Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art

JUNE: Lilies

Riklef Kandeler1 and Wolfram R. Ullrich2,*

1Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, 1180 Wien, Austria
2Institute of Botany, Darmstadt University of Technology, Kirchbergweg 6, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: ullrichcw@online.de

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.


   JUNE: Lilies
 
Lilies are a group of the most conspicuous flowers of early summer. Thousands of cultivated varieties are available from modern lists. However, wild lilies are distinctive enough to have acquired religious and cultural significance in many ancient cultures. It is fascinating to follow these cultural aspects from antiquity to the modern age, although there are far too many associations for them all to be covered here.

Biology
Among the various species Lilium candidum, the white or Madonna lily, has always been the most important one. Starting from its natural habitat in Palestine and Lebanon, it was soon spread over the whole eastern Mediterranean by the Phoenicians. As a wild plant it is only rarely found these days growing in . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Symbolism
Lilies in ancient and Minoan cultures
Lilies in the Byzantine Period
Lilies in the Middle Ages
Lilies in the Modern Age

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