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JXB Advance Access originally published online on July 2, 2009
Journal of Experimental Botany 2009 60(13):3611-3613; doi:10.1093/jxb/erp215
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

ARTICLE-COMMENTARY

Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art

OCTOBER: Roses

Riklef Kandeler1 and Wolfram R. Ullrich2,*

1Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, 1180 Wien, Austria
2Institute of Botany, Darmstadt University of Technology, Kirchbergweg 6, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: ullrichcw@online.de

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.


   OCTOBER: Roses
 
The rose is amongst the most highly esteemed of all garden flowers in many cultures with breeding and selection known in the Middle East from quite early in history. Modern roses have been selected variously for beauty, size, form, fragrance, repeated flowering, cold tolerance, and resistance to pests and diseases. This hedgerow rogue can now be enjoyed in flower at any time of year and the impact and beauty of their blooms has, over millennia, been reflected in their value to symbolism.


   Biology
 
The genus Rosa within the Rosaceae comprises a large group of wild species . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   Symbolism
 

   Roses in antiquity and the Middle Ages
 

   Roses in the Modern Age
 

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