JXB Advance Access first published online on March 26, 2007
This version published online on April 20, 2007
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erm028
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REVIEW-ARTICLE |
Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2006
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Introduction |
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 Top Introduction Flowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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Welcome to our FNL review of 2006. Our objective is to document the papers that appeared during 2006 in the field of flowering research. We have adopted a broad definition of flowering, and divided the papers into the following themes: flowering time; flower development; meristems and flowering; taxonomy and evolution; pollination and ecology; and regulatory mechanisms. The list of journals scanned is provided at the end.
It was our intention to provide brief commentary text on each of the themes, but in the time available we have succeeded in doing this only for the first three themes. By the time we prepare the 2007 review we hope to have identified members of the flowering community who can provide commentary for the other three themes.
We hope you find the FNL Bibliography useful. Comments and advice, suggestions of papers we have missed, or journals that could usefully be scanned in addition, all will be gratefully received.
Nick Battey (n.h.battey{at}reading.ac.uk)
Tinashe Chiurugwi (t.chiurugwi{at}reading.ac.uk)
Fiona Tooke (ftooke{at}EdenProject.com)
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Flowering time |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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The majority of flowering time articles published in 2006 were on the vernalization pathway. These articles provide more information on FLC'S roles in influencing flowering time. It has been shown that FLC, as part of a high molecular weight complex, represses FD, SOC1, and FT thus regulating meristem competence and floral signal production (Searle et al.; Helliwell et al.). Other researchers show that the extent of epigenetic silencing of FLC by vernalization depends (quantitatively) on the length of cold treatment and varies between accessions adapted to different microclimates (Shindo et al.; Sheldon et al.). For example, accessions adapted to short growing seasons require shorter vernalization periods for stable FLC silencing. This variation is linked to differences in levels of initial silencing and rates of silencing accumulation in a manner that is, possibly, related to variation in FLC sequences (Shindo et al.).
More research has been done that improves our understanding of FLC regulation. Work on the factors that make up the polycomb-like protein complexes involved in FLC silencing identifies FIE, SWN, CLF (Wood et al.), and LHP1 (Mylne et al.) as components. While MGO3 is reported to be necessary for FLC expression through its role in histone H3 acetylation (Guyomarc'h et al.), SUF4, a C2H2-type zinc-finger protein, interacts with FRI and LD in its roles as an FLC activator (Kim et al.). It has been shown that AGL19 is one of the genes through which the FLC-independent vernalization pathway operates in Arabidopsis (Schönrock et al.). This MADS-box gene is usually suppressed by a complex involving MSI1, CLF, and EMF2, and its up-regulation in response to vernalization promotes flowering independent, of SOC1.
Work on VRN genes in winter cereals (wheat and barley) sheds more light on their vernalization response and how it interacts with photoperiod. The interaction between the vernalization and photoperiodic pathways is through VRN2 (CO-like, CCT domain protein) and its suppression of VRN3 (FT-like) and VRN1 (AP1-like, with CArG-box) (Yan et al.; Dubcovsky et al.). VRN2 is suppressed by SD and vernalization while VRN3 is up-regulated by LD and, in turn, activates VRN1 (Yan et al.).
Articles related to the photoperiodic pathway focus on the circadian clock, CO and FT. For the circadian clock, they reveal new players such as SPA1 (Ishikawa et al.) and new roles for old players, such as FLC’s role in circadian clock temperature compensation (Edwards et al.). Thus, they illuminate our understanding of the interaction between the circadian clock and the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways. Lifschitz et al. show that the tomato FT homologue could be the florigen equivalent in tomato. Bohlenius et al. report that aspen FT regulates not only seasonal flowering but also photoperiod-induced growth cessation and bud set. The latter is an intriguing contribution to the FT/florigen discussion as it shows that FT may control non-floral aspects of growth and development. The mode of action of CO has been shown to be through formation of CO/AtHAP3/AtHAP5 complexes that regulate gene expression (Wenkel et al.; Ben-Naim et al.). Interrupting formation of complex these by overexpressing HAP2/3 reduces FT transcription.
The autonomous and GA pathways received little relation attention in 2006. It has, however, been shown that MSI1, an autonomous-pathway-like gene, regulates flowering time by activating SOC1, independently of FLC (Bouveret et al.). This is unlike other autonomous pathway genes that act by suppressing FLC, thereby lifting its suppression of SOC1. This raises possibilities of how the autonomous pathway might operate in species lacking FLC.
A number of articles address the ecology and physiology of environmental control of flowering time and discuss the implications for development and evolution of the plants involved. This research includes the effects of temperature, photoperiod, and water availability at both local and global scales. In particular, soil moisture is shown to influence flowering in various species and situations, ranging from flowering time in Brassica rapa in California (Franke et al.), timing of pseudovivipary in Leiothrix spp. in Brazil (Coelho et al.), to general flowering in tropical forests of Borneo (Sakai et al.).
Review articles
Bäurle I and Dean C. (2006) The timing of developmental transitions in plants. Cell 125 655–664.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Ciannamea S, Kaufmann K, Frau M, Nougalli Tonaco IA, Petersen K, Nielsen KK, Angenent GC, Immink RGH. (2006) Protein interactions of MADS box transcription factors involved in flowering in Lolium perenne. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3419–3431.
Corbesier L and Coupland G. (2006) The quest for florigen: a review of recent progress. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3395–3403.
Imaizumi T and Kay SA. (2006) Photoperiodic control of flowering: not only by coincidence. Trends in Plant Science 11 550–558.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Jaeger KE, Graf A, Wigge PA. (2006) The control of flowering in time and space. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3415–3418.
Rodriguez-Falcon M, Bou J, Prat S. (2006) Seasonal control of tuberization in potato: conserved elements with the flowering response. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57 151–180.[CrossRef][Medline]
Sung S and Amasino RM. (2006) Molecular genetic studies of the memory of winter. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3369–3377.
Sung SB, Schmitz RJ, Amasino RM. (2006) A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development 20 3244–3248.
Thomas B. (2006) Light signals and flowering. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3387–3393.
Wijnen H and Young MW. (2006) Interplay of circadian clocks and metabolic rhythms. Annual Review of Genetics 40 409–448.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Zeevaart JAD. (2006) Florigen coming of age after 70 years. The Plant Cell 18 1783–1789.
Vernalization pathway
Andersen JR, Jensen LB, Asp T, Lübberstedt T. (2006) Vernalization response in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) involves orthologues of diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum) VRN1 and rice (Oryza sativa) Hd1. Plant Molecular Biology 60 481–494.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Dubcovsky J, Loukoianov A, Fu D, Valarik M, Sanchez A, Yan L. (2006) Effect of photoperiod on the regulation of wheat vernalization genes VRN1 and VRN2. Plant Molecular Biology 60 469–480.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Edwards KD, Anderson PE, Hall A, et al. (2006) FLOWERING LOCUS C mediates natural variation in the high-temperature response of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. The Plant Cell 18 639–650.
Ergon A, Fang C, Jorgensen O, Aamlid TS, Rognli OA. (2006) Quantitative trait loci controlling vernalisation requirement, heading time and number of panicles in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112 232–242.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Farrell TC, Fex KM, Williams RL, Fukai S, Lewin LG. (2006) Minimising cold damage during reproductive development among temperate rice genotypes. II. Genotypic variation and flowering trauts related to cold tolerance screening. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57 89–100.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Farrell TC, Fukai S, Williams RL. (2006) Minimising cold damage during reproductive development among temperate rice genotypes. I. Avoiding low temperature with the use of appropriate sowing time and photoperiod-sensitive varieties. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57 75–88.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Guyomarc'h S, Benhamed M, Lemonnier G, Renou J-P, Zhou D-X, Delarue M. (2006) MGOUN3: evidence for chromatin-mediated regulation of FLC expression. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 2111–2119.
Helliwell CA, Wood CC, Robertson M, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. (2006) The Arabidopsis FLC protein interacts directly in vivo with SOC1 and FT chromatin and is part of a high-molecular-weight protein complex. The Plant Journal 46 183–192.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kim S, Choi K, Park C, Hwang H-J, Lee I. (2006) SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4, encoding a C2H2-type zinc-finger protein, represses flowering by transcriptional activation of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C. The Plant Cell 18 2985–2998.
Kim SY and Michaels SD. (2006) SUPPRESSOR OF FRI 4 encodes a nuclear-localized protein that is required for delayed flowering in winter-annual Arabidopsis. Development 133 4699–4707.
Martin-Trillo M, Lázaro A, Poethig RS, Gómez-Mena C, Piñeiro MA, Martinez-Zapater JM, Jarillo JA. (2006) EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 1 (ESD1) encodes ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 6 (AtARP6), a putative component of chromatin remodelling complexes that positively regulates FLC accumulation in Arabidopsis. Development 133 1241–1252.
Mylne JS, Barrett L, Tessadori F, et al. (2006) LHP1, the Arabidopsis homologue of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1, is required for epigenetic silencing of FLC. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 5012–5017.
Noh B and Noh YS. (2006) Chromatin-mediated regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis. Physiologia Plantarum 126 484–493.
Petersen K, Kolmos E, Folling M, Salchert K, Storgaard M, Jensen CS, Didion T, Nielsen KK. (2006) Two MADS-box genes from perennial ryegrass are regulated by vernalization and involved in the floral transition. Physiologia Plantarum 126 268–278.[CrossRef]
Sanyal A and Jackson SA. (2006) Comparative genomics reveals expansion of the FLC region in the genus Arabidopsis. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 275 26–34.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schläppi MR. (2006) FRIGIDA LIKE 2 is a functional allele in Landsberg erecta and compensates for a nonsense allele of FRIGIDA LIKE 1. Plant Physiology 142 1728–1738.
Schönrock N, Bouveret R, Leroy O, Borghi L, Köhler C, Gruissem W, Hennig L. (2006) Polycomb-group proteins repress the floral activator AGL19 in the FLC-independent vernalization pathway. Genes and Development 20 1667–1678.
Searle I, He Y, Turck F, Vincent C, Fornara F, Kröber S, Amasino RA, Coupland G. (2006) The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development 20 898–912.
Sheldon CC, Finnegan EJ, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. (2006) Quantitative effects of vernalization on FLC and SOC1 expression. The Plant Journal 45 871–883.[Web of Science][Medline]
Shindo C, Lister C, Crevillen P, Nordborg M, Dean C. (2006) Variation in the epigenetic silencing of FLC contributes to natural variation in Arabidopsis vernalization response. Genes and Development 20 3079–3083.
Trevaskis B, Hemming MN, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. (2006) HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status. Plant Physiology 140 1397–1405.
Wang JL, Tian L, Lee HS, Chen ZJ. (2006) Non-additive regulation of FRI and FLC loci mediates flowering-time variation in Arabidopsis allopolyploids. Genetics 173 965–974.
Wood CC, Robertson M, Tanner G, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES, Helliwell CA. (2006) The Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization response requires a polycomb-like protein complex that also includes VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 14631–14636.
Yan L, Fu D, Li C. (2006) The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 19581–19586.
Yang T-J, Kim JS, Kwon S-J, et al. (2006) Sequence-level analysis of the diploidization process in the triplicated FLOWERING LOCUS C region of Brassica rapa. The Plant Cell 18 1339–1347.
Photoperiod pathway
Ben-Naim O, Eshed R, Parnis A, Teper-Bamnolker P, Shalit A, Coupland G, Samach A, Lifschitz E. (2006) The CCAAT binding factor can mediate interactions between CONSTANS-like proteins and DNA. The Plant Journal 46 462–476.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Böhlenius H, Huang T, Charbonnel-Campaa L, Brunner AM, Jansson S, Strauss SH, Nilsson O. (2006) CO/FT regulatory module controls timing of flowering and seasonal growth cessation in trees. Science 312 1040–1043.
Chen M and Ni M. (2006) RFI2, a RING-domain zinc finger protein, negatively regulates CONSTANS expression and photoperiodic flowering. The Plant Journal 46 823–833.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Colasanti J, Tremblay R, Wong AYM, Coneva V, Kozaki A, Mable BK. (2006) The maize INDETERMINATE1 flowering time regulator defines a highly conserved zinc-finger protein family in higher plants. BMC Genomics 7.
Datta S, Hettiarachchi GHCM, Deng X-W, Holm M. (2006) Arabidopsis CONSTANS-LIKE3 is a positive regulator of red light signaling and root growth. The Plant Cell 18 70–84.
Hirose F, Shinomura T, Tanabata T, Shimada H, Takano M. (2006) Involvement of rice cryptochromes in de-etiolation responses and flowering. Plant and Cell Physiology 47 915–925.
Ishikawa M, Kiba T, Chua N-H. (2006) The Arabidopsis SPA1 gene is required for circadian clock function and photoperiodic flowering. The Plant Journal 46 736–746.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Jarillo JA and Pineiro MA. (2006) The molecular basis of photoperiodism. Biological Rhythm Research 37 353–380.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Kevei E, Gyula P, Hall A, et al. (2006) Forward genetic analysis of the circadian clock separates the multiple functions of ZEITLUPE. Plant Physiology 140 933–945.
Kuchel H, Hollamby G, Langridge P, Williams K, Jefferies SP. (2006) Identification of genetic loci associated with ear-emergence in bread wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113 1103–1112.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Laubinger S, Marchal V, Gentilhomme J, Wenkel S, Adrian J, Jang S, Kulajta C, Braun H, Coupland G, Hoecker U. (2006) Arabidopsis SPA proteins regulate photoperiodic flowering and interact with the floral inducer CONSTANS to regulate its stability. Development 133 3213–3222.
Miwa K, Serikawa M, Suzuki S, Kondo T, Oyama T. (2006) Conserved expression profiles of circadian clock-related genes in two Lemna species showing long-day and short-day photoperiodic flowering responses. Plant and Cell Physiology 47 601–612.
Paltiel J, Amin R, Gover A, Ori N, Samach A. (2006) Novel roles for GIGANTEA revealed under environmental conditions that modify its expression in Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula. Planta 224 1255–1268.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Rockwell NC and Lagarias JC. (2006) The structure of phytochrome: a picture is worth a thousand spectra. The Plant Cell 18 4–14.
Salome PA, To JPC, Kieber JJ, McClung CR. (2006) Arabidopsis response regulators ARR3 and ARR4 play cytokinin-independent roles in the control of circadian period. The Plant Cell 18 55–69.
Thomson MJ, Edwards JD, Septiningsih EM, Harrington SE, McCouch SR. (2006) Substitution mapping of dth1.1, a flowering-time quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with transgressive variation in rice, reveals multiple sub-QTL. Genetics 172 2501–2514.
Torres-Galea P, Huang LF, Chua NH, Bolle C. (2006) The GRAS protein SCL13 is a positive regulator of phytochrome-dependent red light signaling, but can also modulate phytochrome A responses. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 276 13–30.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Wenkel S, Turck F, Singer K, Gissot L, Le Gourrierec J, Samach A, Coupland G. (2006) CONSTANS and the CCAAT box binding complex share a functionally important domain and interact to regulate flowering of Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18 2971–2984.
Zhang YC, Gong SF, Li QH, Sang Y, Yang HQ. (2006) Functional and signaling mechanism analysis of rice CRYPTOCHROME 1. The Plant Journal 46 971–983.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Zheng BL, Deng Y, Mu JY, Ji ZD, Xiang TT, Niu QW, Chua NH, Zuo JR. (2006) Cytokinin affects circadian-clock oscillation in a phytochrome B- and Arabidopsis RESPONSE REGULATOR 4-dependent manner. Physiologia Plantarum 127 277–292.[CrossRef]
Autonomous pathway
Du XL, Qian XY, Wang D, Yang JS. (2006) Alternative splicing and expression analysis of OsFCA (FCA in Oryza sativa L.), a gene homologous to FCA in Arabidopsis. DNA Sequence 17 31–40.[Web of Science][Medline]
Li KG, Yang JS, Liu J, Du XL, Wei C, Su W, He GM, Zhang QH, Hong F, Qian XY. (2006) Cloning, characterization and tissue-specific expression of a cDNA encoding a novel EMBRYONIC FLOWER 2 gene (OsEMF2) in Oryza sativa. DNA Sequence 17 74–78.[Web of Science][Medline]
Marquardt S, Boss PK, Hadfield J, Dean C. (2006) Additional targets of the Arabidopsis autonomous pathway members, FCA and FY. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3379–3386.
Razem FA, El-Kereamy A, Abrams SR, Hill RD. (2006) The RNA-binding protein FCA is an abscisic acid receptor. Nature 439 290–294.[CrossRef][Medline]
Integrators
Hsu C-Y, Liu Y, Luthe DS, Yuceer C. (2006) Poplar FT2 shortens the juvenile phase and promotes seasonal flowering. The Plant Cell 18 1846–1861.
King RW, Moritz T, Evans LT, Martin J, Andersen CH, Blundell C, Kardailsky I, Chandler PM. (2006) Regulation of flowering in the long-day grass Lolium temulentum by gibberellins and the FLOWERING LOCUS T gene. Plant Physiology 141 498–507.
Lee JH, Hong SM, Yoo SJ, Park OK, Lee JS, Ahn JH. (2006) Integration of floral inductive signals by FLOWERING LOCUS T and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1. Physiologia Plantarum 126 475–483.
Lifschitz E and Eshed Y. (2006) Universal florigenic signals triggered by FT homologues regulate growth and flowering cycles in perennial day-neutral tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3405–3414.
Lifschitz E, Eviatar T, Rozman A, et al. (2006) The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 6398–6403.
Muszynski MG, Dam T, Li B, Shirbroun DM, Hou Z, Bruggemann E, Archibald R, Ananiev EV, Danilevskaya ON. (2006) DELAYED FLOWERING1 encodes a basic leucine zipper protein that mediates floral inductive signals at the shoot apex in maize. Plant Physiology 142 1523–1536.
Sreekantan L and Thomas MR. (2006) VvFT and VvMADS8, the grapevine homologues of the floral integrators FT and SOC1, have unique expression patterns in grapevine and hasten flowering in Arabidopsis. Functional Plant Biology 33 1129–1139.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Ecology/physiology
Barth C, De Tullio M, Conklin PL. (2006) The role of ascorbic acid in the control of flowering time and the onset of senescence. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 1657–1665.
Blanchard MG and Runkle ES. (2006) Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 4043–4049.
Cleland EE, Chiariello NR, Loarie SR, Mooney HA, Field CB. (2006) Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 13740–13744.
Coelho FF, Capelo C, Neves ACO, Martins RP, Figueira JEC. (2006) Seasonal timing of pseudoviviparous reproduction of Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae) rupestrian species in south-eastern Brazil. Annals of Botany 98 1189–1195.
Franke DM, Ellis AG, Dharjwa M, Freshwater M, Fujikawa M, Padron A, Weis AE. (2006) A steep cline in flowering time for Brassica rapa in Southern California: population-level variation in the field and the greenhouse. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 83–92.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Goldringer I, Prouin C, Rousset M, Galic N, Bonnin I. (2006) Rapid differentiation of experimental populations of wheat for heading time in response to local climatic conditions. Annals of Botany 98 805–817.
Ofir M and Kigel J. (2006) Opposite effects of daylength and temperature on flowering and summer dormancy of Poa bulbosa. Annals of Botany 97 659–666.
Pouteau S, Ferret V, Lefebvre D. (2006) Comparison of environmental and mutational variation in flowering time in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 4099–4109.
Sakai S, Harrison RD, Momose K, Kuraji K, Nagamasu H, Yasunari T, Chong L, Nakashizuka T. (2006) Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia. American Journal of Botany 93 1134–1139.
Singh KP and Kushwaha CP. (2006) Diversity of Flowering and fruiting phenology of trees in a tropical deciduous forest in India. Annals of Botany 97 265–276.
Other
Bouveret R, Schönrock N, Gruissem W, Hennig L. (2006) Regulation of flowering time by Arabidopsis MSI1. Development 133 1693–1702.
El-Lithy ME, Bentsink L, Hanhart CJ, Ruys GJ, Rovito DI, Broekhof JLM, van der Poel HJA, van Eijk MJT, Vreugdenhil D, Koornneef M. (2006) New Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line populations genotyped using SNPWave and their use for mapping flowering-time quantitative trait loci. Genetics 172 1867–1876.
Hasegawa M, Yahara T, Yasumoto A, Hotta M. (2006) Bimodal distribution of flowering time in a natural hybrid population of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and nightlily (Hemerocallis citrina). Journal of Plant Research 119 63–68.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Lichtenzveig J, Bonfil DJ, Zhang HB, Shtienberg D, Abbo S. (2006) Mapping quantitative trait loci in chickpea associated with time to flowering and resistance to Didymella rabiei the causal agent of Ascochyta blight. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113 1357–1369.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Olsen P, Lenk I, Jensen CS, Petersen K, Andersen CH, Didion T, Nielsen KK. (2006) Analysis of two heterologous flowering genes in Brachypodium distachyon demonstrates its potential as a grass model plant. Plant Science 170 1020–1025.
Quinet M, Dielen V, Batoko H, Boutry M, Havelange A, Kinet J-M. (2006) Genetic interactions in the control of flowering time and reproductive structure development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). New Phytologist 170 701–710.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Trusov Y and Botella JR. (2006) Silencing of the ACC synthase gene ACACS2 causes delayed flowering in pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.]. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3953–3960.
Valarik M, Linkiewicz A, Dubcovsky J. (2006) A microcolinearity study at the EARLINESS PER SE gene Eps-A(m)1 region reveals an ancient duplication that preceded the wheat-rice divergence. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112 945–957.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Zhang YS, Luo LJ, Xu CG, Zhang QF, Xing YZ. (2006) Quantitative trait loci for panicle size, heading date and plant height co-segregating in trait-performance derived near-isogenic lines of rice (Oryza sativa). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113 361–368.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
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Flower development |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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Studies continue to add new layers of details to the ABCDE model of flower development using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model. From a number of these, interactions between the floral organ identity genes and their regulators are becoming clearer.
Krizek et al. identify a further repressor of AG, but with its own characteristics: unusually, RBE is only expressed in whorl 2 whereas most other AG repressors are transcribed in all whorls (yet only repress AG in whorls 1 and 2). RBE shares similarities with in SUP, both in its structure and in its function in maintaining whorl boundaries. It also has a close association with UFO, upon which its expression depends. Krizek et al. propose a model in which there is a degree of co-ordination between growth of whorls 1 and 2, with UFO and RBE promoting proliferation by repressing AG. In mutants, loss of RBE expression from whorl 2 results in staminoid structures, but can also result in increased numbers and fusion of whorl 1 sepals.
Two further repressors of AG, LUG and SEU, have been the focus of recent study. Gregisa et al., working with the MADS-box genes SVP and AGL24, have generated the double mutant to find that, in some cases, its development in all floral whorls is severely disrupted. The disruption arises from ectopic B and C gene expression, leading to phenotypes akin to lug and seu mutants. The suggestion that MADS-box proteins interact with SEU-LUG for the regulation of AG appears to be supported in the work of Sridhar et al. who identify AP1 and SEP3 as DNA-binding partners of SEU-LUG, proposed co-repressors of AG.
Further evidence of the precision interactions required in flower development is provided by a study of the relationship of AP1 and AP3/PI. Following activation of AP3/PI, levels of AP1 transcript are down-regulated rapidly (Sundstrom et al.). Direct regulation of AP1 by AP3/PI is also suggested by results showing that PI protein binds to sequences in the AP1 promoter. This amounts to a regulatory circuit, a number of which have already been uncovered as key in co-ordinating flower development.
Whilst Arabidopsis continues to be the model system for first defining flower development mechanisms, there is a growing number of species under molecular study in this area. The general applicability of observations from Arabidopsis to a range of species is being tested.
Studies in Petunia and tomato reveal that these species possess both euAPETALA3 and TOMATO MADS BOX 6 genes (Rijpkema et al.; de Martino et al.). These two lineages of AP3 arose through gene duplication coincident with radiation of the core eudicots. The TM6 gene in both Petunia and tomato is involved in stamen development, but not petal development, though this latter function appears to be retained and not normally used. These results imply functional divergence of the Solanaceae B genes.
In rice, the C-function genes, OSMADS3 and OSMADS58, also show ‘subfunctionalization’ with OSMADS58 taking a strong role in meristem determinacy and OSMADS3 mainly involved in stamen specification (Yamaguchi et al.).
A further analysis of models of flower development is underway in Dendrobium crumenatum, a member of the Orchidaceae family, one of the largest families of flowering plants. Orchids have unusual floral morphology, which includes modified petals and sepals, and fusion of the reproductive organs. Xu et al. have isolated putative ABCDE MADS-box genes from D. crumenatum. There is at least partial conservation of function of some of these genes, with DcOP1 and DcOAG1 showing equivalence to PI and AG, respectively, in Arabidopsis. However, expression patterns of some of the genes are significantly different from those of their Arabidopsis counterparts, suggesting different regulatory pathways.
Review articles
Balanzá V, Navarrete M, Trigueros M, Ferrándiz C. (2006) Patterning the female side of Arabidopsis: the importance of hormones. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3457–3469.
Cronk QCB. (2006) Legume flowers bear fruit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 4801–4802.
Kalisz S, Ree RH, Sargent RD. (2006) Linking floral symmetry genes to breeding system evolution. Trends in Plant Science 11 568–573.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kater MM, Dreni L, Colombo L. (2006) Functional conservation of MADS-box factors controlling floral organ identity in rice and Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3433–3444.
Mast AR and Conti E. (2006) The primrose path to heterostyly. New Phytologist 171 439–442.[Web of Science][Medline]
Rogers HJ. (2006) Programmed cell death in floral organs: how and why do flowers die? Annals of Botany 97 309–315.
Research papers
Alvarez-Buylla ER, Garcia-Ponce B, Garay-Arroyo A. (2006) Unique and redundant functional domains of APETALA1 and CAULIFLOWER, two recently duplicated Arabidopsis thaliana floral MADS-box genes. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3099–3107.
Barrero LS, Cong B, Wu F, Tanksley SD. (2006) Developmental characterization of the fasciated locus and mapping of Arabidopsis candidate genes involved in the control of floral meristem size and carpel number in tomato. Genome 49 991–1006.[Medline]
Benlloch R, d'Erfurth I, Ferrandiz C, Cosson V, Beltran JP, Canas LA, Kondorosi A, Madueno F, Ratet P. (2006) Isolation of MTPIM proves Tnt1 a useful reverse genetics tool in Medicago truncatula and uncovers new aspects of AP1-like functions in legumes. Plant Physiology 142 972–983.
Cao D, Cheng H, Wu W, Meng Soo H, Peng J. (2006) Gibberellin mobilizes distinct DELLA-dependent transcriptomes to regulate seed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 142 509–525.
Caris PL, Geuten KP, Janssens SB, Smets EF. (2006) Floral development in three species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 1–14.
Carlson JE, Leebens-Mack JH, Kerr Wall P, et al. (2006) EST database for early flower development in the Californian poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham, Papveraceae) tags over 6000 genes from a basal eudicot. Plant Molecular Biology 62 351–369.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Caruso CM. (2006) Plasticity of inflorescence traits in Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae) in response to soil water availability. American Journal of Botany 93 531–538.
Chaidamsari T, Samanhudi Sugiarti H, Santoso D, Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. (2006) Isolation and characterization of an AGAMOUS homologue from cocoa. Plant Science 170 968–975.
Cheng Y, Dai X, Zhao Y. (2006) Auxin biosynthesis by the YUCCA flavin monooxygenases controls the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development 20 1790–1799.
Citerne HL, Pennington RT, Cronk QCB. (2006) An apparent reversal in floral symmetry in the legume Cadia is a homeotic transformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 12017–12020.
de Folter S, Shchennikova AV, Franken J, Busscher M, Baskar R, Grossniklaus U, Angenent GC, Immink RGH. (2006) A Bsister MADS-box gene involved in ovule and seed development in Petunia and Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 47 934–946.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
de Martino G, Pan I, Emmanuel E, Levy A, Irish VF. (2006) Functional analyses of two tomato APETALA3 genes demonstrate diversification in their roles in regulating floral development. The Plant Cell 18 1833–1845.
Dinneny JR, Weigel D, Yanofsky MF. (2006) NUBBIN and JAGGED define stamen and carpel shape in Arabidopsis. Development 133 1645–1655.
Feng X, Zhao Z, Tian Z, et al. (2006) From the cover: control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 4970–4975.
Geuten K, Becker A, Kaufmann K, Caris P, Janssens S, Viaene T, Theißen G, Smets E. (2006) Petaloidy and petal identity MADS-box genes in the balsaminoid genera Impatiens and Marcgravia. The Plant Journal 47 501–518.[Web of Science][Medline]
Goetz M, Vivian-Smith A, Johnson SD, Koltunow AM. (2006) AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 is a negative regulator of fruit initiation in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18 1873–1886.
Gomez JM, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. (2006) Natural selection on Erysimum mediohispanicum flower shape: insights into the evolution of zygomorphy. American Naturalist 168 531–545.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Gregis V, Sessa A, Colombo L, Kater MM. (2006) AGL24, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and APETALA1 redundantly control AGAMOUS during early stages of flower development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18 1373–1382.
Grob V, Moline P, Pfeifer E, Novelo AR, Rutishauser R. (2006) Developmental morphology of branching flowers in Nymphaea prolifera. Journal of Plant Research 119 561–570.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Guan CM, Zhu SS, Li XG, Zhang XS. (2006) Hormone-regulated inflorescence induction and TFL1 expression in Arabidopsis callus in vitro. Plant Cell Reports 25 1133–1137.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Hengchang Wang AM, Li J, Feng M, Chen Z, Wang W. (2006) Floral organogenesis of Cocculus orbiculatus and Stephania dielsiana (Menispermaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 951–960.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Hord CLH, Chen C, DeYoung BJ, Clark SE, Ma H. (2006) The BAM1/BAM2 receptor-like kinases are important regulators of Arabidopsis early anther development. The Plant Cell 18 1667–1680.
Iwasaki M and Nitasaka E. (2006) The FEATHERED gene is required for polarity establishment in lateral organs especially flowers of the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil). Plant Molecular Biology 62 913–925.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kondo H, Ozaki H, Itoh K, Kato A, Takeno K. (2006) Flowering induced by 5-azacytidine, a DNA demethylating reagent in a short-day plant, Perilla frutescens var. crispa. Physiologia Plantarum 127 130–137.[CrossRef]
Konishi S, Izawa T, Yang Lin S, Ebana K, Fukuta Y, Sasaki T, Yano M. (2006) An SNP caused loss of seed shattering during rice domestication. Science 312 1392–1396.
Krizek BA, Lewis MW, Fletcher JC. (2006) RABBIT EARS is a second-whorl repressor of AGAMOUS that maintains spatial boundaries in Arabidopsis flowers. The Plant Journal 45 369–383.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Krosnick SE, Harris EM, Freudenstein JV. (2006) Patterns of anomalous floral development in the Asian Passiflora (subgenus Decaloba: supersection Disemma). American Journal of Botany 93 620–636.
Li C, Zhou A, Sang T. (2006) Rice domestication by reducing shattering. Science 311 1936–1939.
Luo HF, Li YF, Yang ZL, Zhong BQ, Xie R, Ren MZ, Luo D, He GH. (2006) Fine mapping of a PISTILLOID-STAMEN (PS) gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 in rice. Genome 49 1016–1022.[Medline]
Mathieu Chouteau DB and Gibernau M. (2006) A comparative study of inflorescence characters and pollen-ovule ratios among the genera Philodendron and Anthurium (Araceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 817–829.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Maurizio Vezza MN, Guarnieri M, Artese D, Rascio N, Pacini E. (2006) Ivy (Hedera helix L.) flower nectar and nectary ecophysiology. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 519–527.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Radchuk V, Borisjuk L, Radchuk R, Steinbiss H-H, Rolletschek H, Broeders S, Wobus U. (2006) Jekyll encodes a novel protein involved in the sexual reproduction of barley. The Plant Cell 18 1652–1666.
Richards JH, Bruhl JJ, Wilson KL. (2006) Flower or spikelet? Understanding the morphology and development of reproductive structures in Exocarya (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae, Chrysitricheae). American Journal of Botany 93 1241–1250.
Rijpkema AS, Royaert S, Zethof J, van der Weerden G, Gerats T, Vandenbussche M. (2006) Analysis of the Petunia TM6 MADS box gene reveals functional divergence within the DEF/AP3 lineage. The Plant Cell 18 1819–1832.
Satoh-Nagasawa N, Nagasawa N, Malcomber S, Sakai H, Jackson D. (2006) A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize. Nature 441 227–230.[CrossRef][Medline]
Schwinn K, Venail J, Shang Y, et al. (2006) A small family of MYB-regulatory genes controls floral pigmentation intensity and patterning in the genus Antirrhinum. The Plant Cell 18 831–851.
Sreekantan L, Torregrosa L, Fernandez L, Thomas MR. (2006) VvMADS9, a class B MADS-box gene involved in grapevine flowering, shows different expression patterns in mutants with abnormal petal and stamen structures. Functional Plant Biology 33 877–886.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Sridhar VV, Surendrarao A, Liu Z. (2006) APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact with SEUSS to mediate transcription repression during flower development. Development 133 3159–3166.
Sundström JF, Nakayama N, Glimelius K, Irish VF. (2006) Direct regulation of the floral homeotic APETALA1 gene by APETALA3 and PISTILLATA in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 46 593–600.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Szécsi J, Joly C, Bordji K, Varaud E, Cock JM, Dumas C, Bendahmane M. (2006) BIGPETALp, a bHLH transcription factor is involved in the control of Arabidopsis petal size. EMBO Journal 25 3912–3920.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Szucs P, Karsai I, von Zitzewitz J, Meszaros K, Cooper LLD, Gu YQ, Chen THH, Hayes PM, Skinner JS. (2006) Positional relationships between photoperiod response QTL and photoreceptor and vernalization genes in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112 1277–1285.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Tan FC and Swain SM. (2006) Genetics of flower initiation and development in annual and perennial plants. Physiologia Plantarum 128 8–17.[CrossRef]
Tian B, Chen YY, Li DZ, Yan YX. (2006) Cloning and characterization of a bamboo LEAFY HULL STERILE1 homologous gene. DNA Sequence 17 143–151.[Web of Science][Medline]
Vaes E, Vrijdaghs A, Smets EF, Dessein S. (2006) Elaborate petals in Australian Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) species: morphology, ontogeny and function. Annals of Botany 98 1167–1178.
Vrijdaghs A, Goetghebeur P, Smets E, Muasya AM. (2006) The floral scales in Hellmuthia (Cyperaceae, Cyperoideae) and Paramapania (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae): an ontogenetic study. Annals of Botany 98 619–630.
Webster MA and Gilmartin PM. (2006) Analysis of late stage flower development in Primula vulgaris reveals novel differences in cell morphology and temporal aspects of floral heteromorphy. New Phytologist 171 591–603.[Web of Science][Medline]
Wu M-F, Tian Q, Reed JW. (2006) Arabidopsis microRNA167 controls patterns of ARF6 and ARF8 expression, and regulates both female and male reproduction. Development 133 4211–4218.
Xu Y, Teo LL, Zhou J, Kumar PP, Yu H. (2006) Floral organ identity genes in the orchid Dendrobium crumenatum. The Plant Journal 46 54–68.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Yamaguchi T, Lee DY, Miyao A, Hirochika H, An G, Hirano H-Y. (2006) Functional diversification of the two C-Class MADS box genes OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa. The Plant Cell 18 15–28.
Zhao XY, Cheng ZJ, Zhang XS. (2006) Overexpression of TaMADS1, a SEPALLATA-like gene in wheat, causes early flowering and the abnormal development of floral organs in Arabidopsis. Planta 223 698–707.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Zhang Y, Yang J, Rao G-Y. (2006) Comparative study on the aerial and subterranean flower development in Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), an amphicarpic species. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 943–949.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Zluvova J, Nicolas M, Berger A, Negrutiu I, Moneger F. (2006) Premature arrest of the male flower meristem precedes sexual dimorphism in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 18854–18859.
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Meristems and flowering |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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Papers concerned with the meristem and flowering reflect the importance of the CLAVATA signalling mechanism, and its impact on meristem size. The FON4 gene from rice turns out to be a putative CLV3 orthologue, and evidence from Chu et al. suggests the CLV mechanism is conserved in monocots and dicots. The key CLE motif in CLV3 proves sufficient to execute CLV3 function, and is effective as a synthetic peptide (Fiers et al.; Ni and Clark). Interestingly, however, meristem homeostasis can tolerate wide variation in CLV3 expression levels (Müller et al.). The BAM receptor kinase-like proteins are CLV1-related but have the opposite role to CLV1 (loss-of-function alleles cause a loss of stem cells). This may be explained by their more generalized expression patterns compared with the highly specific meristem-limited pattern of CLV1 (DeYoung et al.). BAM1 and BAM2 may function to return cells from the peripheral zone to the central zone (discussed in Tax and Durbak). At the response end of the CLV mechanism, genetic data indicate that the POL and PLL1 phosphatases regulate WUS at the transcriptional level (Song et al.). The rosulata mutant of Antirrhinum is shown to be a WUS orthologue, and evidence is presented that indicates WUS/ROA function by recruiting co-repressors that interact with the conserved C-terminal domain and repress genes that would otherwise promote differentiation in the meristem (Kieffer et al.). A new role in stem cell maintenance is suggested for APETALA2, via expression in the meristem centre and effects on the CLV/WUS feedback loop (Würschum et al.).
An insight from Petunia is that repression of the WUS homologue TERMINATOR is achieved by a complex of C-, D-, and E-type MADS-box proteins (Ferrario et al.). This observation is usefully complemented by an overview of the E function and determinacy in Gerbera and other species (Teeri et al.). A theme in the Gerbera work is how reversibility of flower formation is manifested in flowers of different structures (inferior versus superior ovary), and a generalization from Petunia is that where flower structure requires delayed determinacy (in order that gynoecium construction can be completed), genes concerned with this construction process (here ovule or D-function MADS-box genes) are required for WUS repression.
A characteristic of flower formation is that it becomes canalized, so that adoption of alternative fates/identities is difficult, regardless of changes in the internal or external environment. One mechanism behind this is illustrated by the feed-forward transcriptional loop in which LEAFY recruits the meristem identity regulator LMI1 to activate CAL expression (Saddic et al.). Another may involve meristem-located proteins such as ROR1/RPA2A, which maintain gene silencing via histone modifications and thus have the ability to ensure epigenetic changes are sustained (Xia et al.).
Phase change is another process that requires the meristem to undergo stable, global change in its function. The zippy mutant has an accelerated juvenile–adult transition which results from removal of repression of the auxin-related transcription factors ETTIN and ARF4, a process mediated by the trans-acting siRNA from the TAS3 locus tasiR-ARF (Hunter et al.). The interpretation of this effect is that the siRNA sets the threshold for phase change (via ETTIN and ARF4), but is not the developmental clock output that causes phase change. On the other hand, an increase in expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 regulates phase change and is a result of a decrease in the micro RNA miR156 (Wu and Poethig).
Quantitative analysis of meristem function is prominent in the papers on sunflower capitulum development (Dosio et al.) and Arabidopsis flower primordium initiation (Kwiatkowska). The sunflower work defines the processes of floret initiation and meristem tissue expansion and provides a basis for future analysis of the relative contributions of biophysical- and polar auxin transport-based mechanisms to meristem morphogenesis (see also Fleming). The paper by Kwiatkowska indicates that formation of a crease (not a bump), interpreted as the axil of a rudimentary bract, is the first morphological event in flower formation.
Review articles
Blazquez MA, Ferrandiz C, Madueno F, Parcy F. (2006) How floral meristems are built. Plant Molecular Biology 60 855–870.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Doerner P. (2006) Plant meristems: what you see is what you get? Current Biology 16 R56–R58.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Fleming AJ. (2006) Producing patterns in plants. New Phytologist 170 639–641.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Friml J, Benfey P, Benkova E, et al. (2006) Apical–basal polarity: why plant cells don't stand on their heads. Trends in Plant Science 11 12–14.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Shani E, Yanai O, Ori N. (2006) The role of hormones in shoot apical meristem function. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9 484–489.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Singh MB and Bhalla PL. (2006) Plant stem cells carve their own niche. Trends in Plant Science 11 241–246.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Tax FE and Durbak A. (2006) Meristems in the movies: live imaging as a tool for decoding intercellular signalling in shoot apical meristems. The Plant Cell 18 1331–1337.
Research papers
Boss PK, Sreekantan L, Thomas MR. (2006) A grapevine TFL1 homologue can delay flowering and alter floral development when overexpressed in heterologous species. Functional Plant Biology 33 31–41.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Chu H, Qian Q, Liang W, Yin C, Tan H, Yao X, Yuan Z, Yang J, Huang H, Luo D, Ma H, Zhang D. (2006) The FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER4 gene encoding a putative ortholog of Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 regulates apical meristem size in rice. Plant Physiology 42 1039–1052.
DeYoung BJ, Bickle KL, Schrage KJ, Muskett P, Patel K, Clark SE. (2006) The CLAVATA1-related BAM1, BAM2, and BAM3 receptor kinase-like proteins are required for meristem function in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 45 1–16.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Dosio GAA, Tardieu F, Turc O. (2006) How does the meristem of sunflower capitulum cope with tissue expansion and floret initiation? A quantitative analysis. New Phytologist 170 711–722.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Eriksson S, Bohlenius H, Moritz T, Nilsson O. (2006) GA(4) is the active gibberellin in the regulation of LEAFY transcription and Arabidopsis floral initiation. The Plant Cell 18 2172–2181.
Ferrario S, Shchennikova AV, Franken J, Immink RGH, Angenent GC. (2006) Control of floral meristem determinacy in Petunia by MADS-box transcription factors. Plant Physiology 140 890–898.
Fiers M, Golemiec E, van der Schors R, van der Geest L, Wan Li K, Stiekema W, Liu C-M. (2006) The CLAVATA3/ESR motif of CLAVATA3 is functionally independent from the nonconserved flanking sequences. Plant Physiology 141 1284–1292.
Hunter C, Willmann MR, Wu G, Yoshikawa M, de la Luz Gutiérrez-Nava M, Poethig SR. (2006) Trans-acting siRNA-mediated repression of ETTIN and ARF4 regulates heteroblasty in Arabidopsis. Development 133 2973–2981.
Kanrar S, Onguka O, Smith HMS. (2006) Arabidopsis inflorescence architecture requires the activities of KNOX-BELL homeodomain heterodimers. Planta 224 1163–1173.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kawamura K and Takeda H. (2006) Cost and probability of flowering at the shoot level in relation to variability in shoot size within the crown of Vaccinium hirtum (Ericaceae). New Phytologist 171 69–80.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kieffer M, Stern Y, Cook H, Clerici E, Maulbetsch C, Laux T, Davies B. (2006) Analysis of the transcription factor WUSCHEL and its functional homologue in Antirrhinum reveals a potential mechanism for their roles in meristem maintenance. The Plant Cell 18 560–573.
Kim DH, Han MS, Cho HW, Jo YD, Cho MC, Kim BD. (2006) Molecular cloning of a pepper gene that is homologous to SELF-PRUNING. Molecules and Cells 22 89–96.[Web of Science][Medline]
Korn RW. (2006) Anodic asymmetry of leaves and flowers and its relationship to phyllotaxis. Annals of Botany 97 1011–1015.
Kwiatkowska D. (2006) Flower primordium formation at the Arabidopsis shoot apex: quantitative analysis of surface geometry and growth. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 571–580.
Mlotshwa S, Yang ZY, Kim YJ, Chen XM. (2006) Floral patterning defects induced by Arabidopsis APETALA2 and microRNA172 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Molecular Biology 61 781–793.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Müller R, Borghi L, Kwiatkowska D, Laufs P, Simon R. (2006) Dynamic and compensatory responses of Arabidopsis shoot and floral meristems to CLV3 signaling. The Plant Cell 18 1188–1198.
Ni J and Clark SE. (2006) Evidence for functional conservation, sufficiency, and proteolytic processing of the CLAVATA3 CLE domain. Plant Physiology 140 726–733.
Pujar A, Jaiswal P, Kellogg EA, et al. (2006) Whole-plant growth stage ontology for angiosperms and its application in plant biology. Plant Physiology 142 414–428.
Saddic LA, Huvermann B, Bezhani S, Su Y, Winter CM, Kwon CS, Collum RP, Wagner D. (2006) The LEAFY target LMI1 is a meristem identity regulator and acts together with LEAFY to regulate expression of CAULIFLOWER. Development 133 1673–1682.
Song S-K, Min Lee M, Clark SE. (2006) POL and PLL1 phosphatases are CLAVATA1 signaling intermediates required for Arabidopsis shoot and floral stem cells. Development 133 4691–4698.
Szymkowiak EJ and Irish EE. (2006) JOINTLESS suppresses sympodial identity in inflorescence meristems of tomato. Planta 223 646–658.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Teeri TH, Uimari A, Kotilainen M, Laitinen R, Help H, Elomaa P, Albert VA. (2006) Reproductive meristem fates in Gerbera. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3445–3455.
Wu CX, Ma QB, Yam KM, Cheung MY, Xu YY, Han TF, Lam HM, Chong K. (2006) In situ expression of the GmNMH7 gene is photoperiod-dependent in a unique soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) flowering reversion system. Planta 223 725–735.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Wu G and Poethig RS. (2006) Temporal regulation of shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana by miR156 and its target SPL3. Development 133 3539–3547.
Wurschum T, Gross-Hardt R, Laux T. (2006) APETALA2 regulates the stem cell niche in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. The Plant Cell 18 295–307.
Xia R, Wang J, Liu C, et al. (2006) ROR1/RPA2A, a putative replication protein A2, functions in epigenetic gene silencing and in regulation of meristem development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18 85–103.
Xie KB, Wu CQ, Xiong LZ. (2006) Genomic organization, differential expression, and interaction of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like transcription factors and microRNA156 in rice. Plant Physiology 142 280–293.
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Taxonomy and evolution |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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Review articles
Bateman RM, Hilton J, Rudall PJ. (2006) Morphological and molecular phylogenetic context of the angiosperms: contrasting the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches used to infer the likely characteristics of the first flowers. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3471–3503.
Charlesworth D. (2006) Evolution of plant breeding systems. Current Biology 16 R726–R735.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Clauss MJ and Koch MA. (2006) Poorly known relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana. Trends in Plant Science 11 449–459.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kellogg EA. (2006) Progress and challenges in studies of the evolution of development. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3505–3516.
McSteen P. (2006) Branching out: the ramosa pathway and the evolution of grass inflorescence morphology. The Plant Cell 18 518–522.
Roux F, Touzet P, Cuguen J, Le Corre V. (2006) How to be early flowering: an evolutionary perspective. Trends in Plant Science 11 375–381.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Scutt CP, Vinauger-Douard M, Fourquin C, Finet C, Dumas C. (2006) An evolutionary perspective on the regulation of carpel development. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 2143–2152.
Verdu M and Gleiser G. (2006) Adaptive evolution of reproductive and vegetative traits driven by breeding systems. New Phytologist 169 409–417.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Research papers
André S, Chanderbali SK, Buzgo M, Zheng Z, Oppenheimer DG, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. (2006) Genetic footprints of stamen ancestors guide perianth evolution in Persea (Lauraceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 1075–1089.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Armbruster WS, Perez-Barrales R, Arroyo J, Edwards ME, Vargas P. (2006) Three-dimensional reciprocity of floral morphs in wild flax (Linum suffruticosum): a new twist on heterostyly. New Phytologist 171 581–590.[Web of Science][Medline]
Bateman RM and Rudall PJ. (2006) Evolutionary and morphometric implications of morphological variation among flowers within an inflorescence: a case-study using European orchids. Annals of Botany 98 975–993.
Bhattacharya S, Das M, Bar R, Pal A. (2006) Morphological and molecular characterization of Bambusa tulda with a note on flowering. Annals of Botany 98 529–535.
Bomblies K and Doebley JF. (2006) Pleiotropic effects of the duplicate maize FLORICAULA/LEAFY genes zfl1 and zfl2 on traits under selection during maize domestication. Genetics 172 519–531.
DeWitt Smith S and Baum DA. (2006) Phylogenetics of the florally diverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 1140–1153.
Floyd SK, Zalewski CS, Bowman JL. (2006) Evolution of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper genes in streptophytes. Genetics 173 373–388.
Guggisberg A, Mansion G, Kelso S, Conti E. (2006) Evolution of biogeographic patterns, ploidy levels, and breeding systems in a diploid-polyploid species complex of Primula. New Phytologist 171 617–632.[Web of Science][Medline]
Hintz M, Bartholmes C, Nutt P, Ziermann J, Hameister S, Neuffer B, Theissen G. (2006) Catching a ‘hopeful monster’: shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a model system to study the evolution of flower development. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3531–3542.
Hodgins KA and Barrett SCH. (2006) Female reproductive success and the evolution of mating-type frequencies in tristylous populations. New Phytologist 171 569–580.[Web of Science][Medline]
Howarth DG and Donoghue MJ. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of the ‘ECE’ (CYC/TB1) clade reveals duplications predating the core eudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 9101–9106.
Huang S-Q, Tang L-L, Sun J-F, Lu Y. (2006) Pollinator response to female and male floral display in a monoecious species and its implications for the evolution of floral dimorphism. New Phytologist 171 417–424.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kolsch A and Gleissberg S. (2006) Diversification of CYCLOIDEA-like TCP genes in the basal eudicot families Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae s. str. Plant Biology 8 680–687.[CrossRef][Medline]
Malcomber ST and Kellogg EA. (2006) Evolution of unisexual flowers in grasses (Poaceae) and the putative sex-determination gene, TASSELSEED2 (TS2). New Phytologist 170 885–899.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Marazzi B, Endress PK, Paganucci de Queiroz L, Conti E. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. American Journal of Botany 93 288–303.
Mateu-Andrés I and De Paco L. (2006) Genetic diversity and the reproductive system in related species of Antirrhinum. Annals of Botany 98 1053–1060.
Mayr EM and Weber A. (2006) Calceolariaceae: floral development and systematic implications. American Journal of Botany 93 327–343.
Paun O, Stuessy TF, Horandl E. (2006) The role of hybridization, polyploidization and glaciation in the origin and evolution of the apomictic Ranunculus cassubicus complex. New Phytologist 171 223–236.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Pérez F, Arroyo MTK, Medel R, Hershkovitz MA. (2006) Ancestral reconstruction of flower morphology and pollination systems in Schizanthus (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 1029–1038.
Rees M, Childs DZ, Metcalf JC, Rose KE, Sheppard AW, Grubb PJ. (2006) Seed dormancy and delayed flowering in monocarpic plants: selective interactions in a stochastic environment. American Naturalist 168 E53–E71.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schranz ME, Kantama L, de Jong H, Mitchell-Olds T. (2006) Asexual reproduction in a close relative of Arabidopsis: a genetic investigation of apomixis in Boechera (Brassicaceae). New Phytologist 171 425–438.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Smedmark JEE and Eriksson T. (2006) Early stages of development shed light on fruit evolution in allopolyploid species of Geum (Rosaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 791–803.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Sokoloff D, Rudall PJ, Remizowa M. (2006) Flower-like terminal structures in racemose inflorescences: a tool in morphogenetic and evolutionary research. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 3517–3530.
Toomajian C, Hu TT, Aranzana MJ, Lister C, Tang CL, Zheng HG, Zhao KY, Calabrese P, Dean C, Nordborg M. (2006) A nonparametric test reveals selection for rapid flowering in the Arabidopsis genome. PloS Biology 4 732–738.[Web of Science]
Whibley AC, Langlade NB, Andalo C, Hanna AI, Bangham A, Thébaud C, Coen E. (2006) Evolutionary paths underlying flower colour variation in Antirrhinum. Science 313 963–966.
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Pollination and ecology |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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Review articles
Ackerly D and Sultan S. (2006) Mind the gap: the emerging synthesis of plant ‘eco-devo’. New Phytologist 170 648–653.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Chittka L and Raine NE. (2006) Recognition of flowers by pollinators. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9 428–435.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Galliot C, Stuurman J, Kuhlemeier C. (2006) The genetic dissection of floral pollination syndromes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9 78–82.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Research papers
Anderson IA and Busch JW. (2006) Relaxed pollinator-mediated selection weakens floral integration in self-compatible taxa of Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 860–867.
Bai W-N, Zeng Y-F, Liao W-J, Zhang D-Y. (2006) Flowering phenology and wind-pollination efficacy of heterodichogamous Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). Annals of Botany 98 397–402.
Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, et al. (2006) Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313 351–354.
Buggs RJA and Pannell JR. (2006) Rapid displacement of a monoecious plant lineage is due to pollen swamping by a dioecious relative. Current Biology 16 996–1000.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Burd M, Read J, Sanson GD, Jaffre T. (2006) Age–size plasticity for reproduction in monocarpic plants. Ecology 87 2755–2764.[Web of Science][Medline]
Gao J-Y, Ren P-Y, Yang Z-H, Li Q-J. (2006) The pollination ecology of Paraboea rufescens (Gesneriaceae): a buzz-pollinated tropical herb with mirror-image flowers. Annals of Botany 97 371–376.
Itagaki T and Sakai S. (2006) Relationship between floral longevity and sex allocation among flowers within inflorescences in Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 1320–1327.
Jordan CY and Harder LD. (2006) Manipulation of bee behavior by inflorescence architecture and its consequences for plant mating. American Naturalist 167 496–509.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Kitamoto N, Ueno S, Takenaka A, Tsumura Y, Washitani I, Ohsawa R. (2006) Effect of flowering phenology on pollen flow distance and the consequences for spatial genetic structure within a population of Primula sieboldii (Primulaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 226–233.
Larl I and Wagner J. (2006) Timing of reproductive and vegetative development in Saxifraga oppositifolia in an alpine and a subnival climate. Plant Biology 8 155–166.[CrossRef][Medline]
Ortiz MA, Talavera S, Garcia-Castaño JL, Tremetsberger K, Stuessy T, Balao F, Casimiro-Soriguer R. (2006) Self-incompatibility and floral parameters in Hypochaeris sect. Hypochaeris (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 93 234–244.
Perez-Barrales R, Vargas P, Arroyo J. (2006) New evidence for the Darwinian hypothesis of heterostyly: breeding systems and pollinators in Narcissus sect. Apodanthi. New Phytologist 171 553–567.[Web of Science][Medline]
Smithson A. (2006) Pollinator limitation and inbreeding depression in orchid species with and without nectar rewards. New Phytologist 169 419–430.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Sugiura S, Abe T, Makino S. (2006) Loss of extrafloral nectary on an oceanic island plant and its consequences for herbivory. American Journal of Botany 93 491–495.
Weekley CW and Brothers A. (2006) Failure of reproductive assurance in the chasmogamous flowers of Polygala lewtonii (Polygalaceae), an endangered sandhill herb. American Journal of Botany 93 245–253.
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Regulatory mechanisms |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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Research papers
Achard P, Cheng H, De Grauwe L, Decat J, Schoutteten H, Moritz T, Van Der Straeten D, Peng J, Harberd NP. (2006) Integration of plant responses to environmentally activated phytohormonal signals. Science 311 91–94.
Alvarez JP, Pekker I, Goldshmidt A, Blum E, Amsellem Z, Eshed Y. (2006) Endogenous and synthetic microRNAs stimulate simultaneous, efficient, and localized regulation of multiple targets in diverse species. The Plant Cell 18 1134–1151.
Fahlgren N, Montgomery TA, Howell MD, Allen E, Dvorak SK, Alexander AL, Carrington JC. (2006) Regulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 by TAS3 ta-siRNA affects developmental timing and patterning in Arabidopsis. Current Biology 16 939–944.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Finkelstein RR. (2006) Studies of abscisic acid perception finally flower. The Plant Cell 18 786–791.
Folter SD and Angenent GC. (2006) trans meets cis in MADS science. Trends in Plant Science 11 224–231.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Gan Y, Kumimoto R, Liu C, Ratcliffe O, Yu H, Broun P. (2006) GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS modulates the regulation by gibberellins of epidermal differentiation and shoot maturation in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18 1383–1395.
Gehring M, Huh JH, Hsieh T-F, Penterman J, Choi Y, Harada JJ, Goldberg RB, Fischer RL. (2006) DEMETER DNA glycosylase establishes MEDEA polycomb gene self-imprinting by allele-specific demethylation. Cell 124 495–506.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Hartweck LM and Olszewski NE. (2006) Rice GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 is a gibberellin receptor that illuminates and raises questions about GA signalling. The Plant Cell 18 278–282.
Herr AJ, Molnar A, Jones A, Baulcombe DC. (2006) Inaugural article: defective RNA processing enhances RNA silencing and influences flowering of Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 14994–15001.
Jullien PE, Kinoshita T, Ohad N, Berger F. (2006) Maintenance of DNA methylation during the Arabidopsis life cycle is essential for parental imprinting. The Plant Cell 18 1360–1372.
Lee K, Avondo J, Morrison H, et al. (2006) Visualizing plant development and gene expression in three dimensions using optical projection tomography. The Plant Cell 18 2145–2156.
Li H, Ilin S, Wang W, Duncan EM, Wysocka J, Allis CD, Patel DJ. (2006) Molecular basis for site-specific read-out of histone H3K4me3 by the BPTF PHD finger of NURF. Nature 442 91–95.[Medline]
McClung CR. (2006) Plant circadian rhythms. The Plant Cell 18 792–803.
Peña PV, Davrazou F, Shi X, Walter KL, Verkhusha VV, Gozani O, Zhao R, Kutateladze TG. (2006) Molecular mechanism of histone H3K4me3 recognition by plant homeodomain of ING2. Nature 442 100–103.[Medline]
Reyes JC. (2006) Chromatin modifiers that control plant development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9 21–27.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schubert D, Primavesi L, Bishopp A, Roberts G, Doonan J, Jenuwein T, Goodrich J. (2006) Silencing by plant polycomb-group genes requires dispersed trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27. EMBO Journal 25 4638–4649.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schwab R, Ossowski S, Riester M, Warthmann N, Weigel D. (2006) Highly specific gene silencing by artificial microRNAs in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18 1121–1133.
Trewavas A. (2006) A brief history of systems biology: ‘Every object that biology studies is a system of systems.’ Francois Jacob (1974). The Plant Cell 18 2420–2430.
Wang X and Chory J. (2006) Brassinosteroids regulate dissociation of BKI1, a negative regulator of BRI1 signaling, from the plasma membrane. Science 313 1118–1122.
Wysocka J, Swigut T, Xiao H. A PHD finger of NURF couples histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation with chromatin remodelling. Nature 442 86–90.
Xie K, Wu C, Xiong L. (2006) Genomic organization, differential expression, and interaction of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like transcription factors and microRNA156 in rice. Plant Physiology 142 280–293.
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Journals reviewed |
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TopIntroductionFlowering timeFlower developmentMeristems and floweringTaxonomy and evolutionPollination and ecologyRegulatory mechanismsJournals reviewed |
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American Journal of Botany
American Naturalist
Annals of Botany
Annual Review of Genetics
Annual Review of Plant Biology
BMC Genomics
Cell
Current Biology
Current Opinion in Plant Biology
Development
DNA Sequence
Ecology
EMBO Journal
Functional Plant Biology
Genes and Development
Genome
International Journal of Plant Science
Journal of Experimental Botany
Journal of Plant Research
Molecular Genetics and Genomics
Molecules and Cells
Nature
New Phytologist
Physiologia Plantarum
Planta
Plant and Cell Physiology
Plant Biology
Plant Cell Reports
Plant Molecular Biology
Plant Physiology
Plant Science
PLoS Biology
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
Science
Theoretical and Applied Genetics
The Plant Cell
The Plant Journal
Trends in Plant Science
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