Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 53, No. 366, pp. 1-11,
January 1, 2002
© 2002 Oxford University Press
Review Article |
Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance
School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
Heavy metals such as Cu and Zn are essential for normal plant growth, although elevated concentrations of both essential and non-essential metals can result in growth inhibition and toxicity symptoms. Plants possess a range of potential cellular mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals and thus tolerance to metal stress. These include roles for the following: for mycorrhiza and for binding to cell wall and extracellular exudates; for reduced uptake or efflux pumping of metals at the plasma membrane; for chelation of metals in the cytosol by peptides such as phytochelatins; for the repair of stress-damaged proteins; and for the compartmentation of metals in the vacuole by tonoplast-located transporters. This review provides a broad overview of the evidence for an involvement of each mechanism in heavy metal detoxification and tolerance.
Key words: Detoxification, heat shock proteins, heavy metal tolerance, metallothioneins, mycorrhiza, phytochelatins, plasma membrane, vacuolar compartmentation.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  E. Sudo, M. Itouga, K. Yoshida-Hatanaka, Y. Ono, and H. Sakakibara Gene expression and sensitivity in response to copper stress in rice leaves J. Exp. Bot., September 1, 2008; 59(12): 3465 - 3474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H. Anderson, N. T. Basta, and R. P. Lanno Partitioning Species Variability from Soil Property Effects on Phytotoxicity: ECx Normalization Using a Plant Contaminant Sensitivity Index J. Environ. Qual., August 8, 2008; 37(5): 1701 - 1709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. T. Kim Hong, A. Nose, S. Agarie, and T. Yoshida Malate metabolism in Hoya carnosa mitochondria and its role in photosynthesis during CAM phase III J. Exp. Bot., May 1, 2008; 59(7): 1819 - 1827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Yuan, D. Chen, Y. Ren, X. Zhang, and J. Zhao Characteristic and Expression Analysis of a Metallothionein Gene, OsMT2b, Down-Regulated by Cytokinin Suggests Functions in Root Development and Seed Embryo Germination of Rice Plant Physiology, April 1, 2008; 146(4): 1637 - 1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-J. Guo, M. Meetam, and P. B. Goldsbrough Examining the Specific Contributions of Individual Arabidopsis Metallothioneins to Copper Distribution and Metal Tolerance Plant Physiology, April 1, 2008; 146(4): 1697 - 1706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. van Doorn and E. J. Woltering Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence J. Exp. Bot., March 3, 2008; (2008) erm356v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Alferez, G. Y. Zhong, and J. K. Burns A citrus abscission agent induces anoxia- and senescence-related gene expression in Arabidopsis J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2007; 58(10): 2451 - 2462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Willems, D. B. Drager, M. Courbot, C. Gode, N. Verbruggen, and P. Saumitou-Laprade The Genetic Basis of Zinc Tolerance in the Metallophyte Arabidopsis halleri ssp. halleri (Brassicaceae): An Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Genetics, May 1, 2007; 176(1): 659 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ouelhadj, M. Kaminski, M. Mittag, and K. Humbeck Receptor-like protein kinase HvLysMR1 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is induced during leaf senescence and heavy metal stress J. Exp. Bot., April 1, 2007; 58(6): 1381 - 1396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-M. Yeh, P.-S. Chien, and H.-J. Huang Distinct signalling pathways for induction of MAP kinase activities by cadmium and copper in rice roots J. Exp. Bot., February 1, 2007; 58(3): 659 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zhigang, L. Cuijie, Z. Yuangang, D. Yejie, A. Wachter, R. Gromes, and T. Rausch Expression of BjMT2, a metallothionein 2 from Brassica juncea, increases copper and cadmium tolerance in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana, but inhibits root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings J. Exp. Bot., November 1, 2006; 57(14): 3575 - 3582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Iglesia-Turino, A. Febrero, O. Jauregui, C. Caldelas, J. L. Araus, and J. Bort Detection and Quantification of Unbound Phytochelatin 2 in Plant Extracts of Brassica napus Grown with Different Levels of Mercury Plant Physiology, October 1, 2006; 142(2): 742 - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Rosenberg, I. Litus, N. Schwarzfuchs, R. Sinay, P. Schlesinger, J. Golenser, S. Baumeister, K. Lingelbach, and Y. Pollack pfmdr2 Confers Heavy Metal Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum J. Biol. Chem., September 15, 2006; 281(37): 27039 - 27045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Craciun, M. Courbot, F. Bourgis, P. Salis, P. Saumitou-Laprade, and N. Verbruggen Comparative cDNA-AFLP analysis of Cd-tolerant and -sensitive genotypes derived from crosses between the Cd hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea J. Exp. Bot., September 1, 2006; 57(12): 2967 - 2983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Wawrzynski, E. Kopera, A. Wawrzynska, J. Kaminska, W. Bal, and A. Sirko Effects of simultaneous expression of heterologous genes involved in phytochelatin biosynthesis on thiol content and cadmium accumulation in tobacco plants J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2006; 57(10): 2173 - 2182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Veljovic-Jovanovic, B. Kukavica, B. Stevanovic, and F. Navari-Izzo Senescence- and drought-related changes in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase isoforms in leaves of Ramonda serbica J. Exp. Bot., May 1, 2006; 57(8): 1759 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Sharma and K.-J. Dietz The significance of amino acids and amino acid-derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress J. Exp. Bot., March 1, 2006; 57(4): 711 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Singla-Pareek, S. K. Yadav, A. Pareek, M.K. Reddy, and S.K. Sopory Transgenic Tobacco Overexpressing Glyoxalase Pathway Enzymes Grow and Set Viable Seeds in Zinc-Spiked Soils Plant Physiology, February 1, 2006; 140(2): 613 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Adriaensen, T. Vralstad, J.-P. Noben, J. Vangronsveld, and J. V. Colpaert Copper-Adapted Suillus luteus, a Symbiotic Solution for Pines Colonizing Cu Mine Spoils Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 1, 2005; 71(11): 7279 - 7284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ding, T. Liang, C. Zhang, J. Yan, and Z. Zhang Accumulation and fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in wheat: controlled by phosphate precipitation, cell wall absorption and solution complexation J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2005; 56(420): 2765 - 2775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Jones, G. S. Chaffin, J. R. Eason, and D. G. Clark Ethylene-sensitivity regulates proteolytic activity and cysteine protease gene expression in petunia corollas J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2005; 56(420): 2733 - 2744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Gupta, M. Stoimenova, and W. M. Kaiser In higher plants, only root mitochondria, but not leaf mitochondria reduce nitrite to NO, in vitro and in situ J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2005; 56(420): 2601 - 2609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Konno, T. Nakato, S. Nakashima, and K. Katoh Lygodium japonicum fern accumulates copper in the cell wall pectin J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2005; 56(417): 1923 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Metwally, V. I. Safronova, A. A. Belimov, and K.-J. Dietz Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. J. Exp. Bot., January 1, 2005; 56(409): 167 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Courbot, L. Diez, R. Ruotolo, M. Chalot, and P. Leroy Cadmium-Responsive Thiols in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus involutus Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2004; 70(12): 7413 - 7417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Frechilla, L. D. Talbott, and E. Zeiger The Blue Light-Specific Response of Vicia faba Stomata Acclimates to Growth Environment Plant Cell Physiol., November 15, 2004; 45(11): 1709 - 1714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Eren and J. M. Arguello Arabidopsis HMA2, a Divalent Heavy Metal-Transporting PIB-Type ATPase, Is Involved in Cytoplasmic Zn2+ Homeostasis Plant Physiology, November 1, 2004; 136(3): 3712 - 3723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Zhang, J. Shrager, M. Jain, C.-W. Chang, O. Vallon, and A. R. Grossman Insights into the Survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during Sulfur Starvation Based on Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Eukaryot. Cell, October 1, 2004; 3(5): 1331 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Warren The photosynthetic limitation posed by internal conductance to CO2 movement is increased by nutrient supply J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2004; 55(406): 2313 - 2321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. T. K. Hong, A. Nose, and S. Agarie Respiratory properties and malate metabolism in Percoll-purified mitochondria isolated from pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. smooth cayenne J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2004; 55(406): 2201 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Heckathorn, J. K. Mueller, S. LaGuidice, B. Zhu, T. Barrett, B. Blair, and Y. Dong Chloroplast small heat-shock proteins protect photosynthesis during heavy metal stress Am. J. Botany, September 1, 2004; 91(9): 1312 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Bae and X. Chen Proteomic Study for the Cellular Responses to Cd2+ in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Through Amino Acid-coded Mass Tagging and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Mol. Cell. Proteomics, June 1, 2004; 3(6): 596 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. LEBON, A. PELLEGRINO, F. TARDIEU, and J. LECOEUR Shoot Development in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is Affected by the Modular Branching Pattern of the Stem and Intra- and Inter-shoot Trophic Competition Ann. Bot., March 1, 2004; 93(3): 263 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Malagoli, P. Laine, E. Le Deunff, L. Rossato, B. Ney, and A. Ourry Modeling Nitrogen Uptake in Oilseed Rape cv Capitol during a Growth Cycle Using Influx Kinetics of Root Nitrate Transport Systems and Field Experimental Data Plant Physiology, January 1, 2004; 134(1): 388 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kramer, M. Piotrowski, F. Kuhnemann, and H. G. Edelmann Physiological and biochemical characterization of ethylene-generated gravicompetence in primary shoots of coleoptile-less gravi-incompetent rye seedlings J. Exp. Bot., December 1, 2003; 54(393): 2723 - 2732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Hall and L. E. Williams Transition metal transporters in plants J. Exp. Bot., December 1, 2003; 54(393): 2601 - 2613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Smith, F. A. Smith, and I. Jakobsen Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Dominate Phosphate Supply to Plants Irrespective of Growth Responses Plant Physiology, September 1, 2003; 133(1): 16 - 20. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. D. Talbott, E. Rahveh, and E. Zeiger Relative humidity is a key factor in the acclimation of the stomatal response to CO2 J. Exp. Bot., September 1, 2003; 54(390): 2141 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Heiss, A. Wachter, J. Bogs, C. Cobbett, and T. Rausch Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) protein is induced in Brassica juncea leaves after prolonged Cd exposure J. Exp. Bot., August 1, 2003; 54(389): 1833 - 1839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Bologa, A. R. Fernie, A. Leisse, M. Ehlers Loureiro, and P. Geigenberger A Bypass of Sucrose Synthase Leads to Low Internal Oxygen and Impaired Metabolic Performance in Growing Potato Tubers Plant Physiology, August 1, 2003; 132(4): 2058 - 2072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. VAN DONGEN, A. M. H. AMMERLAAN, M. WOUTERLOOD, A. C. VAN AELST, and A. C. BORSTLAP Structure of the Developing Pea Seed Coat and the Post-phloem Transport Pathway of Nutrients Ann. Bot., May 1, 2003; 91(6): 729 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Metwally, I. Finkemeier, M. Georgi, and K.-J. Dietz Salicylic Acid Alleviates the Cadmium Toxicity in Barley Seedlings Plant Physiology, May 1, 2003; 132(1): 272 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Shigaki, J. K. Pittman, and K. D. Hirschi Manganese Specificity Determinants in the Arabidopsis Metal/H+ Antiporter CAX2 J. Biol. Chem., February 14, 2003; 278(8): 6610 - 6617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Geigenberger Regulation of sucrose to starch conversion in growing potato tubers J. Exp. Bot., January 3, 2003; 54(382): 457 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Stohr and W. R. Ullrich Generation and possible roles of NO in plant roots and their apoplastic space J. Exp. Bot., December 1, 2002; 53(379): 2293 - 2303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Komis, P. Apostolakos, and B. Galatis Hyperosmotic Stress Induces Formation of Tubulin Macrotubules in Root-Tip Cells of Triticum turgidum: Their Probable Involvement in Protoplast Volume Control Plant Cell Physiol., August 15, 2002; 43(8): 911 - 922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Patsikka, M. Kairavuo, F. Sersen, E.-M. Aro, and E. Tyystjarvi Excess Copper Predisposes Photosystem II to Photoinhibition in Vivo by Outcompeting Iron and Causing Decrease in Leaf Chlorophyll Plant Physiology, July 1, 2002; 129(3): 1359 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|