Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 54, No. 382, pp. 585-593,
January 1, 2003
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Markers and signals associated with nitrogen assimilation in higher plants
Received 11 August 2002; Accepted 13 September 2002
1 Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
2 Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630 Université de Paris XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +44 (0)1582 763010. E-mail: christine.foyer{at}bbsrc.ac.uk
Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; Ala, alanine; Arg, arginine; Asn, asparagine; Asp, aspartate; Fd, ferredoxin; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; Gly, glycine; GOGAT, glutamate synthase; GS, glutamine synthetase; GS2, chloroplastic glutamine synthetase; ICDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; Lys, lysine; NR, nitrate reductase; 2-OG, 2-oxoglutarate; PEPc, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; PK, pyruvate kinase; Ser, serine.
A key concept underpinning current understanding of the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) interaction in plants is that the capacity for N assimilation is aligned to nutrient availability and requirements by the integrated perception of signals from hormones, nitrate, sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. Studies on the nature and integration of these signals over the last ten years has revealed a complex network of controls brokered by an interplay of C and N signals. These controls not only act to orchestrate the relative rates of C and N assimilation and carbohydrate and amino acid production, but they also have a significant influence on plant development. Amino acids are the hub around which the processes of N assimilation, associated C metabolism, photorespiration, export of organic N from the leaf, and the synthesis of nitrogenous end-products revolve. Since specific major amino acids or their relative ratios are modulated differentially by photorespiration and N assimilation, even though these processes are tightly intermeshed, they are potentially powerful markers for metabolite profiling and metabolomics approaches to the study of plant biology. Moreover, while minor amino acids show marked diurnal rhythms, their contents fluctuate in a co-ordinated manner. It is probable that factors associated with early events and processes in C and N assimilation influence the relative composition of minor amino acids.
Key words: Amino acids, carbon/nitrogen interaction, metabolite profiling, photorespiration, photosynthesis.
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