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JXB Advance Access originally published online on December 8, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany 2007 58(3):465-472; doi:10.1093/jxb/erl215
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© 2006 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

RESEARCH PAPER

Highly sensitive determination of transient generation of biophotons during hypersensitive response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea

Masaki Kobayashi1,*, Kensuke Sasaki1, Masaru Enomoto1 and Yoshio Ehara2 {dagger}

1Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1, Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, 982-8577 Japan
2School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1, Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, 982-0215 Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: masaki{at}tohtech.ac.jp

The hypersensitive response (HR) is one mechanism of the resistance of plants to pathogen infection. It involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which have crucial roles in signal transduction or as toxic agents leading to cell death. Often, ROS generation is accompanied by an ultraweak photon emission resulting from radical reactions that are initiated by ROS through the oxidation of living materials such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. This photon emission, referred to as ‘biophotons’, is extremely weak, but, based on the technique of photon counting imaging, a system has been developed to analyse the spatiotemporal properties of photon emission. Using this system, the dynamics of photon emission which might be associated with the oxidative burst, which promotes the HR, have been determined. Here, the transient generation of biophotons is demonstrated during the HR process in cowpea elicited by cucumber mosaic virus. The distinctive dynamics in spatiotemporal properties of biophoton emission during the HR expression on macroscopic and microscopic levels are also described. This study reveals the involvement of ROS generation in biophoton emission in the process of HR through the determination of the inhibitory effect of an antioxidant (Tiron) on biophoton emission.

Key words: Biophoton, cucumber mosaic virus, hypersensitive response, imaging, reactive oxygen species, ultraweak photon emission, visualization

{dagger} Professor Yoshio Ehara passed away on 21 April 2006. The authors mourn his passing.

Received 16 March 2006; Revised 26 September 2006 Accepted 27 September 2006


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