© 2008 The Author(s).
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RESEARCH PAPER |
Alteration in the chloroplastic metabolism leads to ROS accumulation in pea plants in response to plum pox virus
1Department of Plant Breeding CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
2Department of Biology of Stress and Plant Pathology CEBAS-CSIC. PO Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
3Department of Plant Molecular Genetics CNB-CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jahernan{at}cebas.csic.es
In this work, a recombinant plum pox virus (PPV, Sharka) encoding green fluorescent protein is used to study its effect on antioxidant enzymes and protein expression at the subcellular level in pea plants (cv. Alaska). PPV had produced chlorotic spots as well as necrotic spots in the oldest leaves at 13–15 d post-inoculation. At 15 d post-inoculation, PPV was present in the chlorotic and necrotic areas, as shown by the fluorescence signal produced by the presence of the green fluorescent protein. In the same areas, an accumulation of reactive oxygen species was noticed. Studies with laser confocal and electron microscopy demonstrated that PPV accumulated in the cytosol of infected cells. In addition, PPV infection produced an alteration in the chloroplast ultrastructure, giving rise to dilated thylakoids, an increase in the number of plastoglobuli, and a decreased amount of starch content. At 3 d post-inoculation, although no changes in the oxidative stress parameters were observed, an increase in the chloroplastic hydrogen peroxide levels was observed that correlated with a decrease in the enzymatic mechanisms involved in its elimination (ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase) in this cell compartment. These results indicate that an alteration in the chloroplastic metabolism is produced in the early response to PPV. This oxidative stress is more pronounced during the development of the disease (15 d post-inoculation) judging from the increase in oxidative stress parameters as well as the imbalance in the antioxidative systems, mainly at the chloroplastic level. Finally, proteomic analyses showed that most of the changes produced by PPV infection with regard to protein expression at the subcellular level were related mainly to photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. It seems that PPV infection has some effect on PSII, directly or indirectly, by decreasing the amount of Rubisco, oxygen-evolving enhancer, and PSII stability factor proteins. The results indicate that Sharka symptoms observed in pea leaves could be due to an imbalance in antioxidant systems as well as to an increased generation of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts, induced probably by a disturbance of the electron transport chain, suggesting that chloroplasts can be a source of oxidative stress during viral disease development.
Key words: 2D electrophoresis, oxidative stress, Pisum sativum L., plum pox virus, sharka
Received 11 December 2007; Revised 21 February 2008 Accepted 25 February 2008