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JXB Advance Access originally published online on May 19, 2009
Journal of Experimental Botany 2009 60(9):2589-2599; doi:10.1093/jxb/erp125
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© 2009 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

RESEARCH PAPER

Comparing induction at an early and late step in signal transduction mediating indirect defence in Brassica oleracea

Maaike Bruinsma1 *, Baoping Pang1,2 *, Roland Mumm1, Joop J. A. van Loon1 and Marcel Dicke1,{dagger}

1Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
2College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, PR China

{dagger} Corresponding author. E-mail: Marcel.Dicke{at}wur.nl

The induction of plant defences involves a sequence of steps along a signal transduction pathway, varying in time course. In this study, the effects of induction of an early and a later step in plant defence signal transduction on plant volatile emission and parasitoid attraction are compared. Ion channel-forming peptides represent a class of inducers that induce an early step in signal transduction. Alamethicin (ALA) is an ion channel-forming peptide mixture from the fungus Trichoderma viride that can induce volatile emission and increase endogenous levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid in plants. ALA was used to induce an early step in the defence response in Brussels sprouts plants, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, and to study the effect on volatile emission and on the behavioural response of parasitoids to volatile emission. The parasitoid Cotesia glomerata was attracted to ALA-treated plants in a dose-dependent manner. JA, produced through the octadecanoid pathway, activates a later step in induced plant defence signal transduction, and JA also induces volatiles that are attractive to parasitoids. Treatment with ALA and JA resulted in distinct volatile blends, and both blends differed from the volatile blends emitted by control plants. Even though JA treatment of Brussels sprouts plants resulted in higher levels of volatile emission, ALA-treated plants were as attractive to C. glomerata as JA-treated plants. This demonstrates that on a molar basis, ALA is a 20 times more potent inducer of indirect plant defence than JA, although this hormone has more commonly been used as a chemical inducer of plant defence.

Key words: Alamethicin, Brussels sprouts, Cotesia glomerata, jasmonate, parasitoid host-location behaviour, peptaibol, octadecanoid pathway, salicylate, volatile emission

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 16 November 2008; Revised 25 March 2009 Accepted 25 March 2009


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