JXB Advance Access published online on October 22, 2004
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/eri012
© 2004 by Oxford University Press
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1 Photobioenergetics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Box 475 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA; Present address: Phytosphäre Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. The kinetics of response to strong light have been examined in deeply shaded leaves of the tropical tree legume (Inga sp.) which have extraordinarily high levels of the
Accepted August 16, 2004
Light Stress in Plants Special Issue Article
Slowly reversible de-epoxidation of lutein-epoxide in deep shade leaves of a tropical tree legume may ‘lock-in’ lutein-based photoprotection during acclimation to strong light
2 Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA; Present address: Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
3 Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA; Present address: Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, 290 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
4 Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA; Present address: School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Scotland, UK
5 Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA; Present address: Phytosphäre Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
6 Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37234 Verona, Italy
7 Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85623, USA; Present address and to whom corresponence should be sent: School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Fax: +61 2 6125 0313
Barry Osmond, E-mail: barry.osmond{at}anu.edu.au
Abstract 
-xanthophyll lutein-epoxide that are co-located in pigment-protein complexes of the photosynthetic apparatus with the 
-xanthophyll violaxanthin. As in other species, rapidly reversible photoprotection (measured as non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) is initiated within the time frame of sun-flecks (minutes), before detectable conversion of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin or zeaxanthin. Photoprotection is stabilized within hours of exposure to strong light by simultaneously engaging the reversible violaxanthin cycle and a slowly reversible conversion of lutein-epoxide to lutein. It is proposed that this lutein ‘locks in’ a primary mechanism of photoprotection during photoacclimation in this species, converting efficient light-harvesting antennae of the shade plant into potential excitation dissipating centres. It is hypothesized that lutein occupies sites L2 and V1 in light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes of photosystem II, facilitating enhanced photoprotection through the superior singlet and/or triplet chlorophyll quenching capacity of lutein.
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