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JXB Advance Access published online on November 22, 2004
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/eri027
© 2004 by Oxford University Press
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Received July 7, 2004
Accepted September 13, 2004

RESEARCH PAPER

Grafting raises the salt tolerance of tomato through limiting the transport of sodium and chloride to the shoot

Maria T. Estañ 1, Maria M. Martinez-Rodriguez 1, Francisco Perez-Alfocea 1, Timothy J. Flowers 2, and Maria C. Bolarin 1*

1 Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Apdo 164, 30100-Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Maria C. Bolarin, E-mail: mbolarin{at}cebas.csic.es


  Abstract

With the aim of determining whether grafting could improve salinity tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and what characteristics of the rootstock were required to increase the salt tolerance of the shoot, a commercial tomato hybrid (cv. Jaguar) was grafted onto the roots of several tomato genotypes with different potentials to exclude saline ions. The rootstock effect was assessed by growing plants at different NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM NaCl) under greenhouse conditions, and by determining the fruit yield and the leaf physiological changes induced by the rootstock after 60 d and 90 d of salt treatment. The grafting process itself did not affect the fruit yield, as non-grafted plants of cv. Jaguar and those grafted onto their own root showed the same yield over time under non-saline conditions. However, grafting raised fruit yield in Jaguar on most rootstocks, although the positive effect induced by the rootstock was lower at 25 mM NaCl than at 50 and 75 mM NaCl. At these higher levels, the plants grafted onto Radja, Pera and the hybrid VolgogradskijxPera increased their yields by ~80%, with respect to the Jaguar plants. The tolerance induced by the rootstock in the shoot was related to ionic rather than osmotic stress caused by salinity, as the differential fruit yield responses among graft combinations were mainly related to the different abilities of rootstocks to regulate the transport of saline ions. This was corroborated by the high negative correlation found between fruit yield and the leaf Na+ or Cl- concentrations in salt-treated plants after 90 d of salt treatment. In conclusion, grafting provides an alternative way to enhance salt tolerance, determined as fruit yield, in the tomato, and evidence is reported that the rootstock is able to reduce ionic stress.

Keywords: Fruit yield; grafting; leaf ion contents; Lycopersicon esculentum; rootstocks; salt tolerance; sodium chloride.
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