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JXB Advance Access published online on February 21, 2005
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/eri096
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Journal of Experimental Botany © Society for Experimental Biology 2005; all rights reserved
Received February 27, 2004
Accepted December 3, 2004

RESEARCH PAPER

Exogenous gibberellins inhibit coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Rubi) seed germination and cause cell death in the embryo

E. A. Amaral da Silva 1, Peter E. Toorop 2, Jaap Nijsse 2, J. Derek Bewley 3, and Henk W. M. Hilhorst 2*

1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
2 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands
3 Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Henk W. M. Hilhorst, E-mail: henk.hilhorst{at}wur.nl


  Abstract

The mechanism of inhibition of coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Rubi) seed germination by exogenous gibberellins (GAs) and the requirement of germination for endogenous GA were studied. Exogenous GA4+7 inhibited coffee seed germination. The response to GA4+7 showed two sensitivity thresholds: a lower one between 0 and 1 µM and a higher one between 10 and 100 µM. However, radicle protrusion in coffee seed depended on the de novo synthesis of GAs. Endogenous GAs were required for embryo cell elongation and endosperm cap weakening. Incubation of coffee seed in exogenous GA4+7 led to loss of embryo viability and dead cells were observed by low temperature scanning microscopy only when the endosperm was surrounding the embryo. The results described here indicate that the inhibition of germination by exogenous GAs is caused by factors that are released from the endosperm during or after its weakening, causing cell death in the embryo and leading to inhibition of radicle protrusion.

Keywords: {beta}-mannosidase; cell death; coffee seed; endo-{beta}-mannanase; germination; gibberellins; puncture force.
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