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JXB Advance Access published online on February 14, 2005
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/eri107
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Journal of Experimental Botany © Society for Experimental Biology 2005; all rights reserved
Received October 28, 2004
Accepted December 17, 2004

RESEARCH PAPER

Root-derived cytokinins as long-distance signals for NO3--induced stimulation of leaf growth

Yuni Sri Rahayu 1, Pia Walch-Liu 2*, Günter Neumann 3, Volker Römheld 3, Nikolaus von Wirén 3, and Fritz Bangerth 4

1 Institut für Pflanzenernährung (330), Universität Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany; Present address: Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 60231 Surabaya, Indonesia
2 Institut für Pflanzenernährung (330), Universität Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany; Present address and to whom correspondence should be sent: Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. Fax: +44 (0)1524 843 854
3 Institut für Pflanzenernährung (330), Universität Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
4 Institut für Sonderkulturen und Produktionsphysiologie (370), Universität Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pia Walch-Liu, E-mail: p.walch-liu{at}lancaster.ac.uk


  Abstract

Leaf growth of many plant species shows rapid changes in response to alterations of the form and the level of N supply. In hydroponically-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), leaf growth was rapidly stimulated by NO3- application to NH4+ precultured plants, while NH4+ supply or complete N deprivation to NO3- precultured plants resulted in a rapid inhibition of leaf growth. Just 10 µM NO3- supply was sufficient to stimulate leaf growth to the same extent as 2 mM. Furthermore, continuous NO3- supply induced an oscillation of leaf growth rate with a 48 h interval. Since changes in NO3- levels in the xylem exudate and leaves did not correlate with NO3--induced alterations of leaf growth rate, additional signals such as phytohormones may be involved. Levels of a known inhibitor of leaf growth, abscisic acid (ABA), did not consistently correspond to leaf growth rates in wild-type plants. Moreover, leaf growth of the ABA-deficient tomato mutant flacca was inhibited by NH4+ without an increase in ABA concentration and was stimulated by NO3- despite its excessive ethylene production. These findings suggest that neither ABA nor ethylene are directly involved in the effects of N form on leaf growth. However, under all experimental conditions, stimulation of leaf growth by NO3- was consistently associated with increased concentration of the physiologically active forms of cytokinins, zeatin and zeatin riboside, in the xylem exudate. This indicates a major role for cytokinins as long-distance signals mediating the shoot response to NO3- perception in roots.

Keywords: ABA; cytokinins; ethylene; flacca mutant; hydroponic culture; leaf growth; Lycopersicon esculentum; NH4+; NO3-; N deprivation.
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