JXB Advance Access published online on May 23, 2005
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/eri191
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1 USDA/ARS Photosynthesis Research Unit, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, 197 ERML, Urbana, IL 61801-3838, USA; Crop Science Department, PO Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27596, USA; Present address and to whom correspondence should be sent: Robarts Research Institute, Cell Biology, PO Box 5015, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, N6A 5K8 Canada. Fax: +1 519 663 3789
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Several approaches were taken to examine the role of N-assimilate supply in the control of soybean (Glycine max) seed composition. In the first study, developing seeds were grown in vitro with D-[U-14C]sucrose (Suc) and different concentrations of Gln. Light stimulated carbon flux into oil and protein, and was required to sustain Suc uptake and anabolic processes under conditions of elevated nitrogen supply. High Gln supply resulted in higher transcript levels of
Received December 15, 2004
Accepted April 7, 2005
RESEARCH PAPER
Free amino acid profiles suggest a possible role for asparagine in the control of storage-product accumulation in developing seeds of low- and high-protein soybean lines
2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
3 Phytotron, PO Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27596, USA
4 Crop Science Department, PO Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27596, USA
5 USDA/ARS Photosynthesis Research Unit, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, 197 ERML, Urbana, IL 61801-3838, USA; Crop Science Department, PO Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27596, USA
Cinta Hernández Sebastià, E-mail: csebastia{at}robarts.ca; cintah@tinet.org
Abstract 
-conglycinin and oleosin. In the second study, analyses of soluble amino acid pools in two genetically related lines, NC103 and NC106 (low- and high-seed protein, respectively) showed that, in the light, NC106 accumulated higher levels of Asn and several other amino acids in developing cotyledons compared with NC103, whereas at the seed coat and apoplast levels both lines were similar. In the dark, NC103 accumulated Gln, Arg, and its precursors, suggesting a reduced availability of organic acids required for amino acid interconversions, while NC106 maintained higher levels of the pyruvate-derived amino acids Val, Leu, and Ile. Comparing NC103 and NC106, differences in seed composition were reflected in steady-state transcript levels of storage proteins and the lipogenic enzyme multi-subunit acetyl CoA carboxylase. In the third study, a positive correlation (P 
0.05) between free Asn in developing cotyledons and seed protein content at maturity was confirmed in a comparison of five unrelated field-grown cultivars. The findings support the hypothesis that high seed-protein content in soybean is determined by the capacity of the embryo to take up nitrogen sources and to synthesize storage proteins. Asn levels are probably tightly regulated in the embryo of high-protein lines, and may act as a metabolic signal of seed nitrogen status.
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