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JXB Advance Access published online on February 8, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erj088
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Published by Oxford University Press [2006] on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.
Received July 18, 2005
Accepted December 6, 2005

FOCUS PAPER

Salivary secretions by aphids interacting with proteins of phloem wound responses

W. Fred Tjallingii 1 *

1 Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
W. Fred Tjallingii, E-mail: freddy.tjallingii{at}wur.nl


  Abstract

Successful phloem feeding requires overcoming a number of phloem-related plant properties and reactions. The most important hurdle is formed by the phloem wound responses, such as coagulating proteins in the phloem sieve elements of the plant and in the capillary food canal in the insect's mouth parts, i.e. the stylets. It seems that in order to prevent protein clogging inside a sieve element, ejection of watery saliva plays an important role. This ejection is detected in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) as E1 salivation and always precedes phloem sap ingestion. During this feeding from sieve elements, another regular and concurrent salivation also occurs, the watery E2 salivation. This E2 saliva is added to the ingested sap and, it probably prevents phloem proteins from clogging inside the capillary food canal. Whatever the biochemical mode of action of the inhibition of protein coagulation might be, in some plants aphids do not seem to be able to prevent clogging, which may explain the resistance to aphids in these plants. The relevance of this hypothesis is demonstrated by new experimental results and is related to new EPG results from plants with phloem-located resistance.

Keywords: Aphids; clogging; phloem protein; saliva; sieve elements; wound response.
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