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JXB Advance Access published online on June 23, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erj204
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Published by Oxford University Press [2006] on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received January 27, 2006
Accepted March 16, 2006

RESEARCH PAPER

VSP accumulation and cold-inducible gene expression during autumn hardening and overwintering of alfalfa

Catherine Dhont 1, Yves Castonguay 2 *, Jean-Christophe Avice 3, and François-P. Chalifour 1

1 Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1K 7P4
2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Boulevard Hochelaga, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada G1V 2J3
3 Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Écophysiologie Végétale Agronomie & Nutritions N, C, S (EVA), F-14032 Caen cedex, France

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Yves Castonguay, E-mail: castonguayy{at}agr.gc.ca


  Abstract

This study describes the time-course of the accumulation of total soluble proteins (TSPs) and vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) and of the transcripts of cold-inducible (CI) and VSP-encoding genes in taproots of two alfalfa cultivars (AC Caribou and Europe) during their acclimation to natural autumn hardening and overwintering conditions in eastern Canada. The impact of a defoliation in September on these winter hardening-related changes was also assessed. Both concentrations and pools of VSPs increased significantly between early September and mid-October and remained unchanged thereafter, concomitantly with the disappearance of VSP-encoding transcripts. Other soluble protein constituents continued to increase later in the autumn and early winter and accounted for nearly 60% of taproot TSP pools in winter. As a result, VSP abundance relative to TSPs decreased markedly during the winter. The increase in the levels of CI transcripts was induced by lowering temperatures, and distinct patterns suggest differences in the regulation of their accumulation. RNA analyses revealed that the accumulation of VSP transcripts during the autumn precedes the accumulation of CI transcripts. Autumn defoliation interrupted the accumulation of both TSPs and VSPs during autumn hardening and repressed the transcript levels of two CI genes differentially between cultivars. The well-documented impact of autumn defoliation on the vigour of spring regrowth and long-term persistence of alfalfa could be related to its negative impact on the accumulation of VSPs and TSPs and on the expression of genes encoding CI proteins potentially involved in cold tolerance and pathogen resistance.

Keywords: Alfalfa; autumn defoliation; chitinase; cold acclimation; cold-inducible genes; vegetative storage proteins.
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