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JXB Advance Access published online on September 21, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erl125
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© The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received May 15, 2006
Accepted July 11, 2006

RESEARCH PAPER

Arabidopsis thaliana avoids freezing by supercooling

Marjorie Reyes-Díaz 1, Nancy Ulloa 2, Alejandra Zúñiga-Feest 2, Ana Gutiérrez 3, Manuel Gidekel 3, Miren Alberdi 2, Luis J. Corcuera 1, and León A. Bravo 1 *

1 Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
2 Instituto de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
3 Departamento de Agroindustrias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
León A. Bravo, E-mail: lebravo{at}udec.cl


  Abstract

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. has been described as a freezing-tolerant species based on freezing-resistance assays. Nonetheless, this type of experiment does not discriminate between freezing-tolerance and freezing-avoidance mechanisms. The purpose of this paper was to determine which of these two freezing-resistance mechanisms is responsible for freezing resistance in A. thaliana. This was achieved by comparing the thermal properties (ice-nucleation temperature and the freezing temperature) of leaves and the lethal temperature to 10, 50 and 90% of the plants (LT10, LT50, and LT90, respectively). Two wild-type genotypes were used (Columbia and Ler) and their mutants (esk-1 and frs-1, respectively), which differ in their freezing resistance. This study's results indicated that the mutant esk-1, described as a freezing-tolerant species showed freezing tolerance only after a cold-acclimation period. The mutant frs-1, described as freezing sensitive, presented freezing avoidance. Both wild genotypes presented LT50 similar to or higher than the ice-nucleation temperature. Thus, the main freezing-resistance mechanism for A. thaliana is avoidance of freezing by supercooling. No injury of the photosynthetic apparatus was shown by measuring the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) during cold acclimation in all genotypes. During cold acclimation, Columbia and esk-1 increased total soluble carbohydrates in leaves. esk-1 was the only genotype that presented freezing tolerance after cold acclimation. This feature could be related to an increase in sugar accumulation in the apoplast.

Keywords: Apoplastic fluid; Arabidopsis thaliana; chlorophyll fluorescence; cold acclimation; esk-1; freezing avoidance; freezing tolerance; frs-1; sucrose; supercooling; total soluble sugars.
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