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JXB Advance Access published online on October 18, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erl133
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© The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received April 12, 2006
Accepted July 21, 2006

Integrated Approaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production under Drought Stress Special Issue

The historical perspective of dryland agriculture: lessons learned from 10 000 years of wheat cultivation

JL Araus 1 *, JP Ferrio 2, R Buxó 3, and J Voltas 2

1 Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
2 Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, E.T.S.E.A-Universitat de Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
3 Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya, Pedret 95, E-17007 Girona, Spain

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
JL Araus, E-mail: jaraus{at}ub.edu


  Abstract

Wheat is one of the founder crops of Western agriculture. This study reconstructs agronomic conditions, potential yields, and kernel weight in the beginnings of cultivation of domesticated free-threshing wheat, c. 8000 BC. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions and the dimensions of fossil grains of naked wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum) were analysed. Samples were collected in Tell Halula and Akarçay Tepe, two Neolithic archaeological sites from the Middle Euphrates (the claimed core area for wheat domestication). The samples analysed include the oldest reported remains of naked wheat. Consistently wetter conditions but lower kernel weights were found in the Neolithic compared with the present day. Besides, the estimated yields were clearly beyond what is expected from the gathering of wild stands of cereals. Patterns of phenotypic adaptation achieved by wheat after its diffusion through the Mediterranean were also assessed. On the one hand, the study looked at variation in morphophysiological traits as related to local climate in a set of 68 durum wheat landraces from the Middle Euphrates. On the other hand, an assessment was made of regional adaptation around the Mediterranean Basin in a set of 90 landraces, traditional varieties, and modern cultivars from different origins by characterizing agronomic and morphophysiological variability. Significant relationships were observed between phenotypic variation among landraces from the Middle Euphrates and both minimum temperatures and the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration of the sites of origin. In addition, consistent differences in grain yield, plant structure, and water status were found among genotypes following both north-south and east-west gradients across the Mediterranean. These differences are associated with contrasting environmental and selection pressures.

Keywords: Carbon isotope discrimination; Fertile Crescent; fossil grains; grain yield; Holocene; kernel weight; origins of agriculture; Triticum turgidum durum; water availability.
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