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JXB Advance Access published online on November 10, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erl205
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© 2006 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received August 29, 2006
Accepted September 12, 2006

RESEARCH PAPER

Spatial and temporal expression of the response regulators ARR22 and ARR24 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Stefano Gattolin 1, Monica Alandete-Saez 2, Katherine Elliott 3, Zinnia Gonzalez-Carranza 4, Erold Naomab 4, Corinna Powell 5, and Jeremy A. Roberts 4 *

1 Division of Plant Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK; Present address: School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
2 Division of Plant Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK; Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
3 Division of Plant Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK; Present address: Technologies for Systems Biology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
4 Division of Plant Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
5 Biogemma UK Ltd. 200 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Jeremy A. Roberts, E-mail: jeremy.roberts{at}nottingham.ac.uk


  Abstract

ARR22 (At3g04280) is a novel Type A response regulator whose function in Arabidopsis is unknown. RT-PCR analysis has shown that expression of the gene takes place in flowers and developing pods with the tissues accumulating different proportions of splice variants. Spatial analysis of expression, using ARR22::GUS plants as a marker, has revealed that the reporter protein accumulates specifically at the junction between the funiculus and the chalazal tissue. Expression can be up-regulated at this location by wounding the developing seed. A detailed analysis has failed to detect ARR22 expression at any other sites and, to support this assertion, the only evidence for tissue ablation in ARR22::Barnase plants is during seed development, with the consequence that embryo growth is attenuated. Ectopic expression of ARR22, driven by either the CaMV 35S or the pea plastocyanin (PPC) promoters, resulted in the generation of plants exhibiting extremely stunted root and shoot growth. No viable progeny could be isolated from the PPC::ARR22 transgenic lines. An RT-PCR analysis of a recently annotated gene (ARR24-At5g26594), that exhibits 66% amino acid similarity to ARR22, has shown that expression is also predominantly in floral and silique tissues. Examination of ARR24::GUS plants has revealed that the activity of the promoter is primarily restricted to pollen grains indicating that this gene is unlikely to display an overlapping function with ARR22. Analyses of individual KO lines of either ARR22 or ARR24 have failed to identify a mutant phenotype under the growth conditions employed and the double knockout ARR22/ARR24 line is also indistinguishable from wild-type plants. These results are discussed in the light of the proposed role of response regulators in plant growth and development.

Keywords: Arabidopsis; response regulators; seed development; signalling.
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