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JXB Advance Access published online on November 21, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erl207
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© The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received May 21, 2006
Accepted September 7, 2006

Imaging Stress Responses in Plants Special Issue

Multispectral fluorescence and reflectance imaging at the leaf level and its possible applications

Sándor Lenk 1, Laury Chaerle 2, Erhard E. Pfündel 3, Gabriele Langsdorf 1, Dik Hagenbeek 2, Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler 1, Dominique Van Der Straeten 2, and Claus Buschmann 1 *

1 Botanical Institute 2, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
2 Unit of Plant Hormone Signaling and Bio-imaging, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
3 Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Claus Buschmann, E-mail: claus.buschmann{at}botanik2.uni-karlsruhe.de


  Abstract

Images taken at different spectral bands are increasingly used for characterizing plants and their health status. In contrast to conventional point measurements, imaging detects the distribution and quantity of signals and thus improves the interpretation of fluorescence and reflectance signatures. In multispectral fluorescence and reflectance set-ups, images are separately acquired for the fluorescence in the blue, green, red, and far red, as well as for the reflectance in the green and in the near infrared regions. In addition, ‘reference’ colour images are taken with an RGB (red, green, blue) camera. Examples of imaging for the detection of photosynthetic activity, UV screening caused by UV-absorbing substances, fruit quality, leaf tissue structure, and disease symptoms are introduced. Subsequently, the different instrumentations used for multispectral fluorescence and reflectance imaging of leaves and fruits are discussed. Various types of irradiation and excitation light sources, detectors, and components for image acquisition and image processing are outlined. The acquired images (or image sequences) can be analysed either directly for each spectral range (wherein they were captured) or after calculating ratios of the different spectral bands. This analysis can be carried out for different regions of interest selected manually or (semi)-automatically. Fluorescence and reflectance imaging in different spectral bands represents a promising tool for non-destructive plant monitoring and a ‘road’ to a broad range of identification tasks.

Keywords: Fruit quality; hypersensitive reaction; near infrared reflectance; photosynthetic activity; stress; tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); UV screening.
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