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JXB Advance Access published online on November 30, 2006
Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/erl208
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© The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received May 7, 2006
Accepted September 20, 2006

Imaging Stress Responses in Plants Special Issue

Visualization of dynamics of plant-pathogen interaction by novel combination of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and statistical analysis: differential effects of virulent and avirulent strains of P. syringae and of oxylipins on A. thaliana

Susanne Berger 1 *, Zuzana Benediktyová 2 * *, Karel Matous 2, Katharina Bonfig 1, Martin J. Mueller 1, Ladislav Nedbal 2, and Thomas Roitsch 1

1 Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
2 Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Institute of Physical Biology, University of S. Bohemia, Zámek 136, 37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Zuzana Benediktyová, E-mail: benedikty{at}greentech.cz


  Abstract

Pathogen infection leads to defence induction as well as to changes in carbohydrate metabolism of plants. Salicylic acid and oxylipins are involved in the induction of defence, but it is not known if these signalling molecules also mediate changes in carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, the effect of application of salicylic acid and the oxylipins 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and jasmonic acid on photosynthesis was investigated by kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and compared with the effects of infection by virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Both pathogen strains and OPDA caused a similar change in fluorescence parameters of leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. The response to OPDA appeared faster compared with that to the pathogens and persisted only for a short time. Infiltration with jasmonic acid or salicylic acid did not lead to a localized and distinct fluorescence response of the plant. To capture the faint early symptoms of the plant response, a novel algorithm was applied identifying the unique fluorescence signature--the set of images that, when combined, yield the highest contrast between control and infected leaf segments. Unlike conventional fluorescence parameters, this non-biased approach indeed detected the infection as early as 6 h after inoculation with bacteria. It was posssible to identify distinct fluorescence signatures characterizing the early and late phases of the infection. Fluorescence signatures of both infection phases were found in leaves infiltrated with OPDA.

Keywords: Biotic stress; chlorophyll fluorescence; combinatorial fluorescence imaging; harmonically forced oscillations; jasmonic acid; OPDA; photosynthesis; salicylic acid.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.


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